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Topic 03 · Health, Well-being and Lifestyle

Health is built between doctor visits.

Develop precise language for sleep, diet, movement, stress, prevention and social connection, then recycle it through reading, speaking and six model essays.

110 vocabulary items15 recycled expressions15 phrasal verbs30 speaking models6 developed essays
Hero photograph: Arek Adeoye / Unsplash

How to use this chapter

Study the recycled language first. Then learn new vocabulary in four layers, complete the contextual retrieval tasks, read the article, analyse the essays and answer the speaking questions aloud. Every writing field and your quick notes are saved automatically on this device.

Three systems shape everyday health.

A woman jogging outdoors in warm evening light
Daily movement and preventive health

Describe how the environment can make physical activity easier or harder.

Photograph: Justin Clark / Unsplash
A balanced meal with grilled salmon and vegetables
Dietary quality

Explain why healthy eating is more complicated than individual discipline.

Photograph: Orkun Orcan / Unsplash
A woman sleeping peacefully in a bright, comfortable bedroom
Restorative sleep

Describe the relationship between routine, light and sleep quality.

Photograph: Slaapwijsheid.nl / Unsplash
Source and recycling audit

Sixty new topical items and all fifteen phrasal verbs are linked to public-facing articles. Twenty academic expressions are clearly labelled as framework language. Fifteen expressions are recycled from Topics 01–02 and then repeated in the reading, speaking answers and essays.

Cumulative spaced review · 15 expressions

Repeat vocabulary from earlier topics

These expressions come from earlier chapters. Recall them first, then check them in a new context.

Actual vocabulary recycled from prior topics; the source chapter is shown on every card.

Review flashcards

REVIEW ↺ · Topic 01 равноправный доступRecall the English expression
equitable accessfair availability for different groups
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 01 социальная интеграцияRecall the English expression
social inclusionfull participation in society
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 01 стабильная работаRecall the English expression
secure employmentstable and dependable work
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 01 медицинские услугиRecall the English expression
healthcare servicesservices providing treatment or prevention
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 02 результаты обученияRecall the English expression
learning outcomesmeasurable educational results
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 01 компромисс политикиRecall the English expression
policy trade-offchoice between competing policy goals
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 01 анализ затрат и выгодRecall the English expression
cost-benefit analysiscomparison of costs and benefits
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 01 общественное обсуждениеRecall the English expression
public consultationformal process of gathering public views
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 02 обучение на протяжении всей жизниRecall the English expression
lifelong learningcontinuous learning throughout adulthood · formal
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 02 бросить учёбуRecall the English expression
drop outleave education before completion
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 02 набор учителейRecall the English expression
teacher recruitmentattracting qualified people into teaching
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 02 опыт обучения в старшей школеRecall the English expression
high school experiencea student’s experience during secondary education · article
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 01 политика, основанная на доказательствахRecall the English expression
evidence-based policymakingpolicy guided by credible evidence
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 01 реагирование экстренных службRecall the English expression
emergency responseurgent action by police, fire or medical services
REVIEW ↺ · Topic 01 снизить; уменьшитьRecall the English expression
bring downreduce a level, cost or amount

Retrieval practice

1. fair availability for different groups (Topic 01)

2. full participation in society (Topic 01)

3. stable and dependable work (Topic 01)

4. services providing treatment or prevention (Topic 01)

5. measurable educational results (Topic 02)

6. choice between competing policy goals (Topic 01)

7. comparison of costs and benefits (Topic 01)

8. formal process of gathering public views (Topic 01)

9. continuous learning throughout adulthood · formal (Topic 02)

10. leave education before completion (Topic 02)

11. attracting qualified people into teaching (Topic 02)

12. a student’s experience during secondary education · article (Topic 02)

13. policy guided by credible evidence (Topic 01)

14. urgent action by police, fire or medical services (Topic 01)

15. reduce a level, cost or amount (Topic 01)

1. Vocabulary

Recycle Topics 01–02

Review these before learning the new health vocabulary.

RECYCLED LANGUAGE

equitable access

равноправный доступ

fair availability for different groups

Health policy should provide equitable access.

Recycled from T01–02
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

limited resources

ограниченные ресурсы

scarce money, staff or facilities

Governments must allocate limited resources carefully.

Recycled from T01–02
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

long-term value

долгосрочная ценность

benefit that persists over time

Prevention may create long-term value.

Recycled from T01–02
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

social inclusion

социальная интеграция

full participation in society

Community programmes can support social inclusion.

Recycled from T01–02
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

secure employment

стабильная работа

stable and dependable work

Secure employment can protect mental wellbeing.

Recycled from T01
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

healthcare services

медицинские услуги

services providing treatment or prevention

Rural communities need reliable healthcare services.

Recycled from T01
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

community support

поддержка сообщества

assistance provided by local networks

Community support can reduce isolation.

Recycled from T02
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

learning outcomes

результаты обучения

measurable educational results

Poor sleep can damage learning outcomes.

Recycled from T02
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

financial pressure

финансовое давление

stress caused by money problems

Financial pressure can worsen chronic stress.

Recycled from T02
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

social inequality

социальное неравенство

unequal distribution of opportunities

Health inequality often mirrors social inequality.

Recycled from T01–02
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

public services

государственные услуги

services provided for the public

Healthy communities depend on reliable public services.

Recycled from T01
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

quality of life

качество жизни

overall level of wellbeing

Good sleep improves quality of life.

Recycled from T01
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

policy trade-off

компромисс политики

choice between competing policy goals

Funding prevention involves a policy trade-off.

Recycled from T01
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

cost-benefit analysis

анализ затрат и выгод

comparison of costs and benefits

A cost-benefit analysis should include long-term effects.

Recycled from T01
RECYCLED LANGUAGE

public consultation

общественное обсуждение

formal process of gathering public views

Public consultation can improve health campaigns.

Recycled from T01

Advanced topical collocations · 40

Precise, reusable article language for Part 3 and Writing Task 2.

Essential topical collocations · 20

Necessary topic language that may be simpler but is never generic.

Academic expressions · 20

Argument language selected for health-policy discussion.

ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

growing concern

растущая проблема

an issue attracting increasing attention

Chronic illness is a growing concern.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

play a role

играть роль

contribute to an outcome

Income and housing play a role in health.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

long-term effects

долгосрочные последствия

consequences that appear or persist over time

Policy should consider long-term effects.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

public awareness

общественная осведомлённость

general knowledge among the public

Campaigns can raise public awareness.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

personal responsibility

личная ответственность

individual duty for one’s choices

Personal responsibility matters but has limits.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

structural barriers

структурные препятствия

systemic conditions limiting opportunity

Structural barriers can restrict healthy choices.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

policy intervention

вмешательство государства

government action to influence outcomes

Policy intervention may be needed when markets fail.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

evidence-based advice

рекомендации на основе данных

guidance supported by research

People need evidence-based advice, not trends.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

social determinants

социальные детерминанты

social conditions shaping health

Housing and income are social determinants.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

unequal access

неравный доступ

uneven ability to obtain services

Unequal access weakens public health.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

preventive measures

профилактические меры

steps taken to avoid harm

Preventive measures can reduce later treatment costs.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

health inequality

неравенство в здоровье

unfair differences in health outcomes

Health inequality reflects wider social divisions.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

individual choice

индивидуальный выбор

a decision made by a person

Individual choice is shaped by environment.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

behavioural change

изменение поведения

a lasting shift in habits

Behavioural change usually occurs gradually.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

sustainable habits

устойчивые привычки

habits that can be maintained

Simple routines are more likely to become sustainable habits.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

measurable benefits

измеримые преимущества

advantages that can be objectively assessed

The intervention produced measurable benefits.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

unintended consequences

непреднамеренные последствия

unexpected negative or positive results

Strict rules may create unintended consequences.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

public expenditure

государственные расходы

money spent by government

Public expenditure should target effective prevention.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

healthcare capacity

ресурсы здравоохранения

ability of a system to provide care

Prevention may protect healthcare capacity.

Academic framework expression
ACADEMIC FRAMEWORK

broader benefits

более широкие преимущества

positive effects beyond the immediate goal

Active travel produces broader benefits.

Academic framework expression

Article-derived phrasal verbs · 15

Natural spoken language used again inside all speaking model answers.

2. RU → EN flashcards

Say the English item before flipping the card.

равноправный доступRecycled from T01–02
equitable access

fair availability for different groups

ограниченные ресурсыRecycled from T01–02
limited resources

scarce money, staff or facilities

долгосрочная ценностьRecycled from T01–02
long-term value

benefit that persists over time

социальная интеграцияRecycled from T01–02
social inclusion

full participation in society

стабильная работаRecycled from T01
secure employment

stable and dependable work

медицинские услугиRecycled from T01
healthcare services

services providing treatment or prevention

поддержка сообществаRecycled from T02
community support

assistance provided by local networks

результаты обученияRecycled from T02
learning outcomes

measurable educational results

финансовое давлениеRecycled from T02
financial pressure

stress caused by money problems

социальное неравенствоRecycled from T01–02
social inequality

unequal distribution of opportunities

государственные услугиRecycled from T01
public services

services provided for the public

качество жизниRecycled from T01
quality of life

overall level of wellbeing

компромисс политикиRecycled from T01
policy trade-off

choice between competing policy goals

анализ затрат и выгодRecycled from T01
cost-benefit analysis

comparison of costs and benefits

общественное обсуждениеRecycled from T01
public consultation

formal process of gathering public views

хроническое заболеваниеTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
chronic disease

a long-lasting medical condition

показатели здоровьяTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
health outcomes

measurable results for health

повседневные привычкиTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
daily behaviours

repeated actions affecting health

достаточный сонTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
adequate sleep

enough sleep for recovery

питательная пищаTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
nutritious food

food rich in useful nutrients

управление стрессомTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
stress management

methods for controlling stress

социальные связиTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
social connection

meaningful contact with others

ожидаемая продолжительность жизниTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
life expectancy

average expected lifespan

период здоровой жизниTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
healthspan

years lived in good health

хронический стрессTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
chronic stress

persistent long-term stress

снижение когнитивных функцийTIME — Scientists Say These Daily Routines Can Slow Cognitive Decline
cognitive decline

gradual loss of mental ability

социальная вовлечённостьTIME — Scientists Say These Daily Routines Can Slow Cognitive Decline
social engagement

active participation with others

когнитивная устойчивостьTIME — Scientists Say These Daily Routines Can Slow Cognitive Decline
cognitive resilience

ability to maintain mental function

поведенческие вмешательстваTIME — Scientists Say These Daily Routines Can Slow Cognitive Decline
behavioural interventions

programmes designed to change habits

измеримые улучшенияTIME — Scientists Say These Daily Routines Can Slow Cognitive Decline
measurable improvements

changes that can be objectively observed

циркадный ритмScientific American — Is “Bed Rotting” Good or Bad for Your Sleep?
circadian rhythm

the body’s daily biological clock

потребность во снеScientific American — Is “Bed Rotting” Good or Bad for Your Sleep?
sleep drive

biological pressure to sleep

нарушение снаScientific American — Is “Bed Rotting” Good or Bad for Your Sleep?
sleep disruption

interruption of normal sleep

восстанавливающий сонTIME — How to Keep Your Heart Healthy at Every Age
restorative sleep

deep sleep that supports recovery

эмоциональная регуляцияTIME — How to Keep Your Heart Healthy at Every Age
emotional regulation

ability to manage emotional responses

крепкие социальные сетиTIME — How to Keep Your Heart Healthy at Every Age
robust networks

strong and dependable relationships

психологический стрессScientific American — Science-Backed Ways to Deal with Stress
psychological stress

mental and emotional pressure

психологическая устойчивостьScientific American — Science-Backed Ways to Deal with Stress
mental resilience

capacity to recover from pressure

стрессовая реакцияScientific American — Science-Backed Ways to Deal with Stress
stress response

the body’s reaction to pressure

хроническое воспалениеTIME — How to Keep Your Heart Healthy at Every Age
chronic inflammation

persistent inflammatory activity

сердечно-сосудистый рискTIME — How to Keep Your Heart Healthy at Every Age
cardiovascular risk

likelihood of heart or vessel disease

кровяное давлениеTIME — How to Keep Your Heart Healthy at Every Age
blood pressure

force of blood in the arteries

кишечный микробиомScientific American — A Good Workout Gets Your Helpful Gut Microbes in Shape, Too
gut microbiome

community of microbes in the gut

работа иммунитетаScientific American — A Good Workout Gets Your Helpful Gut Microbes in Shape, Too
immune function

how effectively the immune system works

метаболическое здоровьеVox — I Covered My Body in Health Trackers for Six Months
metabolic health

healthy regulation of energy and blood sugar

трекеры здоровьяVox — I Covered My Body in Health Trackers for Six Months
health trackers

devices that record health data

фитнес-трекерыVox — I Covered My Body in Health Trackers for Six Months
fitness trackers

devices that monitor movement and exercise

индустрия велнесаVox — I Covered My Body in Health Trackers for Six Months
wellness industry

commercial market for wellness products

постепенные измененияThe Guardian — Can Tiny Changes to Sleep, Diet and Exercise Help Us Live Longer?
incremental changes

small improvements made step by step

качество питанияThe Guardian — Can Tiny Changes to Sleep, Diet and Exercise Help Us Live Longer?
dietary quality

overall nutritional value of a diet

сидячий образ жизниThe Guardian — What Science Taught Us About Health and Wellness in 2025
sedentary behaviour

extended periods of physical inactivity

когнитивные функцииThe Guardian — What Science Taught Us About Health and Wellness in 2025
cognitive function

memory, attention and reasoning ability

подавление иммунитетаThe Guardian — Neurologists on Simple Ways to Look After Your Brain
immune suppression

reduced immune activity

недостаток снаThe Guardian — Neurologists on Simple Ways to Look After Your Brain
sleep deprivation

insufficient sleep over time

профилактика здоровьяTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
preventive health

actions taken before illness develops

здоровое питаниеTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
healthy diet

a nutritionally balanced way of eating

регулярные упражненияTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
regular exercise

physical activity performed consistently

качественный сонTIME — How to Keep Your Heart Healthy at Every Age
quality sleep

sleep that enables recovery

сбалансированные приёмы пищиThe Guardian — Can Tiny Changes to Sleep, Diet and Exercise Help Us Live Longer?
balanced meals

meals containing varied nutrients

ежедневная активностьThe Guardian — Can Tiny Changes to Sleep, Diet and Exercise Help Us Live Longer?
daily movement

movement built into ordinary routines

психическое благополучиеThe Guardian — Tired of the Wellness Industrial Complex? Six Rules to Ditch
mental wellbeing

a stable and healthy mental state

физическое здоровьеTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
physical health

condition of the body

здоровые привычкиThe Guardian — Can Tiny Changes to Sleep, Diet and Exercise Help Us Live Longer?
healthy habits

repeated behaviours that support health

уровень энергииThe Guardian — Can Tiny Changes to Sleep, Diet and Exercise Help Us Live Longer?
energy levels

how energetic a person feels

контроль порцийThe Guardian — Tired of the Wellness Industrial Complex? Six Rules to Ditch
portion control

managing the amount of food eaten

социальная поддержкаThe Guardian — Tired of the Wellness Industrial Complex? Six Rules to Ditch
social support

practical and emotional help from others

употребление водыThe Guardian — What Science Taught Us About Health and Wellness in 2025
drinking water

maintaining adequate hydration

медицинские осмотрыTIME — How to Keep Your Heart Healthy at Every Age
medical check-ups

routine health examinations

здоровый весTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
healthy weight

body weight associated with lower risk

режим снаScientific American — Is “Bed Rotting” Good or Bad for Your Sleep?
sleep schedule

consistent times for sleeping and waking

утренний светScientific American — Is “Bed Rotting” Good or Bad for Your Sleep?
morning light

natural light early in the day

обработанная пищаThe Guardian — Tired of the Wellness Industrial Complex? Six Rules to Ditch
processed food

food altered through industrial processing

малоподвижный образ жизниThe Guardian — What Science Taught Us About Health and Wellness in 2025
sedentary lifestyle

a routine involving too little movement

баланс работы и жизниScientific American — Science-Backed Ways to Deal with Stress
work-life balance

healthy division between work and private life

общественные мероприятияThe Guardian — Tired of the Wellness Industrial Complex? Six Rules to Ditch
community activities

shared activities involving local people

растущая проблемаAcademic framework expression
growing concern

an issue attracting increasing attention

играть рольAcademic framework expression
play a role

contribute to an outcome

долгосрочные последствияAcademic framework expression
long-term effects

consequences that appear or persist over time

общественная осведомлённостьAcademic framework expression
public awareness

general knowledge among the public

личная ответственностьAcademic framework expression
personal responsibility

individual duty for one’s choices

структурные препятствияAcademic framework expression
structural barriers

systemic conditions limiting opportunity

вмешательство государстваAcademic framework expression
policy intervention

government action to influence outcomes

рекомендации на основе данныхAcademic framework expression
evidence-based advice

guidance supported by research

социальные детерминантыAcademic framework expression
social determinants

social conditions shaping health

неравный доступAcademic framework expression
unequal access

uneven ability to obtain services

профилактические мерыAcademic framework expression
preventive measures

steps taken to avoid harm

неравенство в здоровьеAcademic framework expression
health inequality

unfair differences in health outcomes

индивидуальный выборAcademic framework expression
individual choice

a decision made by a person

изменение поведенияAcademic framework expression
behavioural change

a lasting shift in habits

устойчивые привычкиAcademic framework expression
sustainable habits

habits that can be maintained

измеримые преимуществаAcademic framework expression
measurable benefits

advantages that can be objectively assessed

непреднамеренные последствияAcademic framework expression
unintended consequences

unexpected negative or positive results

государственные расходыAcademic framework expression
public expenditure

money spent by government

ресурсы здравоохраненияAcademic framework expression
healthcare capacity

ability of a system to provide care

более широкие преимуществаAcademic framework expression
broader benefits

positive effects beyond the immediate goal

компенсироватьTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
make up for

compensate for a weakness

отслеживатьVox — I Covered My Body in Health Trackers for Six Months
keep track of

record or monitor over time

заботиться оVox — I Covered My Body in Health Trackers for Six Months
take care of

protect or maintain

создать условияTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
set up

establish or arrange something

отказаться отTIME — Behavior Is a Miracle Drug for Our Health
give up on

stop trying to achieve something

в сумме даватьThe Guardian — Can Tiny Changes to Sleep, Diet and Exercise Help Us Live Longer?
add up to

combine to produce a result

заботиться оThe Guardian — Neurologists on Simple Ways to Look After Your Brain
look after

maintain health or wellbeing

сократитьThe Guardian — Tired of the Wellness Industrial Complex? Six Rules to Ditch
cut down on

reduce the amount of something

вернуться кScientific American — Is “Bed Rotting” Good or Bad for Your Sleep?
get back to

return to a previous state or activity

не сбиватьсяTIME — The Connection Between Daily Behaviors and Brain Health
stay on track

continue progressing as planned

снизитьTIME — How to Keep Your Heart Healthy at Every Age
bring down

reduce a level or amount

переждатьThe Guardian — Neurologists on Simple Ways to Look After Your Brain
ride out

endure until something passes

столкнуться сThe Guardian — Neurologists on Simple Ways to Look After Your Brain
run into

encounter a problem

тренироватьсяThe Guardian — Can Tiny Changes to Sleep, Diet and Exercise Help Us Live Longer?
work out

exercise physically

поспать подольшеThe Guardian — Can Tiny Changes to Sleep, Diet and Exercise Help Us Live Longer?
sleep in

sleep later than usual

3. Contextual retrieval

Complete meaningful health sentences rather than translating isolated dictionary fragments, because apparently context is useful after all.

1. Health policy should provide _____.

2. Governments must allocate _____ carefully.

3. Prevention may create _____.

4. Community programmes can support _____.

5. Secure employment can protect mental wellbeing.

6. Rural communities need reliable _____.

7. Community support can reduce isolation.

8. Poor sleep can damage _____.

9. Financial pressure can worsen chronic stress.

10. Health inequality often mirrors _____.

11. Healthy communities depend on reliable _____.

12. Good sleep improves _____.

13. Funding prevention involves a _____.

14. A _____ should include long-term effects.

15. Public consultation can improve health campaigns.

16. Chronic disease places sustained pressure on healthcare systems.

17. Daily behaviour can shape long-term _____.

18. Small improvements in _____ can accumulate over time.

19. Adequate sleep supports concentration and emotional stability.

20. Nutritious food should be affordable as well as available.

21. Stress management is a core element of preventive health.

22. Social connection protects both mental and physical health.

23. Lifestyle and social conditions influence _____.

24. The aim is to extend _____, not merely lifespan.

25. Chronic stress can undermine sleep and cardiovascular health.

26. Lifestyle programmes may slow _____.

27. Social engagement can protect cognitive resilience.

28. Exercise and social contact may strengthen _____.

29. Behavioural interventions work best when they are practical.

30. The structured programme produced _____.

31. Morning light helps regulate the _____.

32. Physical activity helps build _____ during the day.

33. Late-night screen use may contribute to _____.

34. Restorative sleep supports emotional regulation.

35. Sleep loss can weaken _____.

36. Robust networks can reduce isolation and stress.

37. Mindfulness may reduce _____.

38. Brief manageable challenges can build _____.

39. Breathing exercises may calm the _____.

40. Chronic inflammation is linked to several diseases.

41. Exercise can reduce _____.

42. Regular activity helps control _____.

43. Exercise may benefit the _____.

44. Diet and sleep influence _____.

45. Wearables are increasingly marketed as tools for _____.

46. Health trackers can encourage activity but also increase anxiety.

47. Fitness trackers may increase daily walking.

48. The _____ often sells certainty where evidence is limited.

49. Incremental changes are easier to sustain than radical plans.

50. Even modest improvements in _____ may matter.

51. Sedentary behaviour can remain harmful despite occasional exercise.

52. Long periods of sitting may affect _____.

53. Sleep deprivation is associated with _____.

54. Sleep deprivation affects mood, appetite and concentration.

55. Public policy should give greater attention to _____.

56. A _____ should be varied and realistic.

57. Regular exercise supports both body and mind.

58. Quality sleep matters as much as sleep duration.

59. Balanced meals provide steadier energy.

60. Daily movement can include walking and household tasks.

61. Social support contributes to _____.

62. Sleep and diet shape _____.

63. Healthy habits must fit real schedules.

64. Food and sleep influence _____.

65. Portion control may be easier than banning foods.

66. Social support makes behaviour change easier.

67. Drinking water regularly supports concentration.

68. Medical check-ups can identify risks early.

69. A _____ is influenced by many factors.

70. A stable _____ supports the circadian rhythm.

71. Morning light can improve sleep timing.

72. Processed food should not dominate the diet.

73. Office work can encourage a _____.

74. Work-life balance protects recovery time.

75. Community activities can reduce loneliness.

76. Chronic illness is a _____.

77. Income and housing _____ in health.

78. Policy should consider _____.

79. Campaigns can raise _____.

80. Personal responsibility matters but has limits.

81. Structural barriers can restrict healthy choices.

82. Policy intervention may be needed when markets fail.

83. People need _____, not trends.

84. Housing and income are _____.

85. Unequal access weakens public health.

86. Preventive measures can reduce later treatment costs.

87. Health inequality reflects wider social divisions.

88. Individual choice is shaped by environment.

89. Behavioural change usually occurs gradually.

90. Simple routines are more likely to become _____.

91. The intervention produced _____.

92. Strict rules may create _____.

93. Public expenditure should target effective prevention.

94. Prevention may protect _____.

95. Active travel produces _____.

96. Supplements cannot _____ a consistently poor diet.

97. Wearables _____ sleep and movement.

98. People need time to _____ their health.

99. A stable routine can _____ the conditions for better sleep.

100. People often _____ unrealistic health plans.

101. Small changes can _____ meaningful benefits.

102. Regular movement helps people _____ their brains.

103. Many people try to _____ processed food.

104. A routine can help you _____ sleep.

105. Simple reminders help people _____.

106. Exercise can help _____ blood pressure.

107. Rest and hydration help people _____ minor illnesses.

108. Rigid plans often _____ practical problems.

109. People do not need to _____ intensely every day.

110. Sleeping in may disrupt a regular sleep schedule.

4. Original reading: Health is continuous

Health is often discussed as if it were the product of a few isolated decisions: eat a salad, join a gym, sleep for eight hours and avoid stress. This language is appealing because it turns a complex subject into a checklist. Yet health is not created by a single perfect day. It develops through daily behaviours, social conditions and public systems that repeatedly shape what people can realistically do.

The first difficulty is that healthy advice is usually correct in principle but incomplete in practice. Most adults already know that a healthy diet, regular exercise and adequate sleep are beneficial. The harder question is why these intentions so often fail to become sustainable habits. A worker with irregular shifts may understand the importance of a stable sleep schedule but have little control over it. A parent may value nutritious food while facing limited time, high prices and poor local access. Personal responsibility therefore matters, but it operates inside structural barriers.

Sleep illustrates this interaction particularly clearly. The body’s circadian rhythm responds to light, timing and routine, while sleep drive builds through wakefulness and physical activity. When people sleep in after a poor night, remain inactive during the day or use bright screens late in the evening, they may weaken the pressure that helps them fall asleep. However, individual discipline is not the whole story. Noise, insecure housing, shift work and financial pressure can all cause sleep disruption. Advising people simply to “prioritise sleep” may sound sensible while ignoring the conditions that make restorative sleep difficult.

Physical activity presents a similar problem. Exercise is often imagined as a formal workout, but daily movement can be spread throughout ordinary life: walking to a shop, climbing stairs, playing with children or taking a short break from a desk. This matters because a sedentary lifestyle cannot always be cancelled out by one intense session at the end of the week. Regular movement supports cardiovascular fitness, blood pressure, emotional regulation and even the gut microbiome. The most effective routine is therefore not necessarily the most impressive one; it is the one a person can continue.

Diet is equally vulnerable to oversimplification. Nutritious food and balanced meals support energy levels, immune function and metabolic health, but food choices are shaped by cost, time, culture and marketing. Supplements may help particular groups, yet they cannot make up for a consistently poor diet. Nor does labelling foods as morally “good” or “bad” necessarily encourage behavioural change. A more useful approach is to improve dietary quality gradually: add fruit, increase fibre, reduce processed food and use portion control without turning every meal into a test of character.

Mental wellbeing also depends on more than individual calmness. Psychological stress is not always harmful; brief, manageable pressure can strengthen mental resilience. The problem arises when the stress response remains activated for long periods. Chronic stress can disrupt sleep, raise cardiovascular risk and influence behaviour, making people more likely to eat poorly, remain inactive or withdraw socially. Stress management is therefore not merely a private relaxation technique. Workload, secure employment, housing and community support all play a role.

Social connection has increasingly become central to discussions of healthspan and cognitive resilience. Robust networks can provide practical help, emotional reassurance and a sense of belonging. Social engagement may also encourage movement, routine and access to information. By contrast, loneliness can affect mental wellbeing and quality of life even when someone appears physically healthy. Community activities, volunteering and shared meals are not decorative extras; they may be preventive measures.

Technology complicates this picture. Health trackers can keep track of sleep, movement, heart rate and other indicators. For some users, this information makes invisible habits visible and helps them stay on track. For others, the stream of measurements creates anxiety or encourages them to trust a numerical score more than their own experience. The key question is not whether the device is accurate in every detail, but whether it supports sustainable habits. If a tracker motivates daily movement, it may be useful. If it turns sleep into a nightly examination, it may cause unintended consequences.

Public policy must therefore avoid two extremes. One extreme treats illness only after it appears, placing growing pressure on healthcare capacity. The other suggests that every health problem can be prevented through better individual choices. Preventive health deserves greater investment, but effective policy must recognise social determinants and unequal access. Safe public space, reliable public services, school meals, mental-health support and evidence-based advice can make healthy behaviour easier without pretending that disease is always a personal failure.

The most realistic model is cumulative. Incremental changes add up to measurable benefits when they are repeated and supported. Five minutes of morning light, a short walk, an earlier bedtime or an additional portion of vegetables will not transform health overnight. Yet these actions can become part of a broader pattern. The purpose of health education should not be to demand perfection. It should help people build routines that survive busy weeks, setbacks and ordinary human inconsistency.

Ultimately, health is continuous. Medical check-ups and healthcare services remain essential, but much of health is formed between appointments. What people eat, how they move, whether they sleep, whom they can rely on and which opportunities their environment provides all influence health outcomes. A serious health strategy must combine individual choice with policy intervention, because neither can succeed alone.

Discussion and summary

  1. Why can correct health advice still be impractical?
  2. How do structural barriers influence sleep, diet and movement?
  3. When can health trackers become counterproductive?
  4. Why should social connection be treated as preventive health?
  5. Write a 180-word summary using at least eight chapter collocations.

5. Advanced C2 essay

Topic: Some people believe governments should spend more on preventing disease, while others argue that treatment should remain the priority. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Advanced C2 essay · 1226 words

Some policymakers argue that healthcare budgets should remain concentrated on diagnosis and treatment, whereas others believe governments ought to invest far more heavily in prevention. The disagreement is often framed as a competition between hospitals and lifestyle education. In reality, a resilient system requires both, yet the present balance in many countries remains excessively reactive.

What makes treatment indispensable is that prevention can never eliminate illness. Genetic conditions, accidents, infections and age-related disease will continue to require skilled professionals, medicines and hospital capacity. Moreover, people who are already ill cannot be told that resources have been redirected towards future generations. A humane state has an immediate obligation to provide equitable access to healthcare services, particularly when delayed care would cause avoidable suffering or permanent disability.

Treatment also produces benefits that prevention cannot replicate. Emergency surgery, cancer therapy, antibiotics and intensive care respond to urgent threats that no lifestyle campaign could reasonably address. Modern medicine has extended life expectancy and transformed many once-fatal conditions into manageable chronic disease. Reducing expenditure on these services would therefore be both ethically questionable and practically dangerous, especially in ageing societies where demand is already rising.

Nevertheless, treatment-dominated systems face a structural problem. Chronic disease consumes staff time and public expenditure for years, while many risk factors develop gradually through daily behaviours and social determinants. Healthcare systems have repeatedly expanded specialist treatment without creating comparable support for adequate sleep, regular exercise, nutritious food and stress management. The result is not that medicine has failed; rather, it is being asked to manage conditions that public policy has allowed to accumulate.

Prevention should therefore be understood more broadly than campaigns telling individuals to behave better. Not only must people receive evidence-based advice, but their environments must also make that advice realistic. Safe public space can encourage daily movement. School meals can improve dietary quality. Secure employment and predictable schedules can protect restorative sleep and mental wellbeing. Community activities can strengthen social connection. These interventions address structural barriers instead of treating health inequality as a collection of personal mistakes.

The economic case is substantial. Preventive measures may produce slower and less visible results than a new hospital wing, but they can create long-term value by reducing avoidable demand. Were governments to invest earlier in blood-pressure control, smoking cessation and active living, some later cardiovascular risk could be reduced. Such policies would not remove the need for treatment; they would preserve healthcare capacity for patients whose conditions cannot reasonably be prevented.

Prevention can also improve productivity and quality of life before any hospital cost is avoided. Better sleep and mental resilience may reduce absence, while stronger social connection can protect older adults from isolation. These broader benefits are difficult to capture in a narrow medical budget, which is precisely why cost-benefit analysis should include employment, education and social care rather than counting only immediate healthcare expenditure.

However, critics correctly warn that prevention can become paternalistic. Taxes, restrictions and tracking programmes may generate unintended consequences, especially when they punish low-income households without improving access to healthier alternatives. Had earlier anti-obesity strategies paid greater attention to food prices, working hours and neighbourhood design, they might have relied less heavily on moralising individual choice. Public consultation is therefore necessary before governments impose intrusive measures.

A related danger is that prevention may be used to justify reduced treatment for people considered responsible for their illness. This would be both simplistic and unjust. Behaviour is influenced by addiction, marketing, stress, income and community support, while many apparently voluntary choices are heavily constrained. Personal responsibility can play a role in health, but it should guide supportive behavioural interventions rather than determine who deserves care.

A further complication is uncertainty. Lifestyle research can be distorted by commercial interests, weak evidence or exaggerated reporting. The wellness industry has often transformed preliminary findings into expensive products, encouraging consumers to believe that optimisation requires constant monitoring. Prevention policy must be more disciplined. It should prioritise interventions with measurable benefits, communicate uncertainty honestly and avoid implying that health trackers or supplements can make up for structural problems.

Technology may nevertheless contribute when used carefully. Digital reminders can help patients stay on track with medication or activity, while remote appointments can improve access in underserved areas. Yet data collection must remain proportionate. Only when privacy, informed consent and clinical relevance are protected should personal health data influence public programmes. Otherwise, systems designed to support preventive health may create anxiety, discrimination or distrust.

The balance between national policy and local delivery also matters. Central governments can fund vaccination, food regulation and public awareness, whereas local authorities are better placed to organise parks, community activities and targeted support. Schools, employers and primary-care professionals can reinforce the same message from different directions. Fragmented schemes, by contrast, may duplicate effort while failing to reach people facing the greatest structural barriers.

Evaluation is essential because not every preventive programme deserves permanent funding. Governments should identify clear health outcomes, compare groups over time and publish failures as well as successes. Useful though a popular campaign may appear, it should not survive merely because its message is attractive. Limited resources should be directed towards programmes that produce measurable improvements and equitable access.

Prevention and treatment must therefore be designed as complementary systems. Primary care can identify risks early; community programmes can support behavioural change; hospitals can provide advanced treatment; and social policy can reduce the conditions that make illness more likely. This integrated approach also respects human complexity. People do not always follow advice, and even exemplary healthy habits do not guarantee protection from disease.

A life-course perspective strengthens the case for prevention. Health risks do not suddenly appear in middle age; they accumulate through childhood nutrition, education, work and housing. Were support provided only after measurable disease emerged, many opportunities for early behavioural change would already have been lost. School meals, vaccination and mental-health support can influence later health outcomes, while policies for older adults can preserve independence and social engagement. Prevention should therefore follow people through different stages of life rather than rely on one universal campaign.

Another reason for integration is that treatment itself can become preventive. A patient who receives medication for blood pressure may also need help with daily movement, adequate sleep and dietary quality. What primary care can provide is a bridge between medical diagnosis and sustainable habits. If clinicians, community programmes and public services operate separately, patients may receive contradictory advice or no practical support. Coordinated care allows treatment to address the immediate condition while reducing the likelihood of further illness, thereby producing broader benefits without creating a false boundary between medicine and lifestyle.

In my view, governments should increase the proportion of funding devoted to preventive health, but not by weakening essential treatment. The objective should be to reduce avoidable illness while maintaining a reliable safety net. Prevention should make healthy behaviour easier, treatment should remain available when prevention fails, and both should be evaluated through health outcomes rather than political visibility.

Ultimately, the apparent choice between prevention and treatment is misleading. What societies need is a continuous system that supports health before, during and after illness. Hospitals rescue people at moments of crisis; preventive policy reduces the frequency and severity of those crises. A mature healthcare strategy must fund both functions while correcting the current tendency to spend heavily on consequences and comparatively little on causes.

6. Realistic IELTS essay · approximately 340 words

Topic: Some people believe governments should spend more on preventing disease, while others argue that treatment should remain the priority. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Realistic IELTS essay · 324 words

Governments must decide how to divide limited resources between treating illness and preventing it. Although hospitals remain essential, I believe a larger share of public expenditure should support preventive health.

What makes treatment indispensable is that not every illness can be avoided. Accidents, infections, genetic conditions and age-related disease will always require healthcare services, qualified staff and effective medicine. Modern treatment has increased life expectancy and allowed many patients with chronic disease to maintain a reasonable quality of life.

Nevertheless, a system focused mainly on treatment becomes increasingly expensive. Poor dietary quality, sedentary behaviour, sleep deprivation and chronic stress can contribute to preventable conditions over many years. Were governments to invest earlier in regular exercise, nutritious food and blood-pressure control, some later demand for treatment could be reduced. This would protect healthcare capacity while producing broader benefits.

Prevention should not be reduced to telling people to make better individual choices. Structural barriers matter. A low-income worker may understand the value of balanced meals and restorative sleep but lack money, time or a predictable schedule. Not only should governments provide evidence-based advice, but they should also improve access to healthy food, safe public space and community support. Otherwise, campaigns may widen health inequality by benefiting mainly those who already have resources.

There is also a risk of excessive control. Taxes and restrictions can create unintended consequences when introduced without public consultation. Had some earlier campaigns considered social determinants more carefully, they might have avoided blaming individuals for problems shaped partly by their environment. Preventive measures should support sustainable habits rather than punish constrained choices.

In conclusion, treatment must remain fully funded because prevention can never remove illness altogether. However, governments should increase investment in measures that reduce avoidable disease and make healthy behaviour realistic. The strongest system combines early support with reliable care when people become ill.

Why the exam-length essay is strong

Task response

Both positions are explained, qualified and connected to a clear opinion. The answer distinguishes unavoidable illness from preventable demand.

Coherence

Each paragraph develops one mechanism: treatment, prevention, structural barriers, policy risk and final synthesis.

Lexical resource

Chapter collocations are recycled naturally rather than inserted as decorative vocabulary.

Grammar range

The model uses clefts, perfect tenses, conditional inversion, concessive clauses and not only … but also without turning every sentence into a syntactic parade.

7. Advanced grammar transformations

1. If governments invested earlier in prevention, later costs might fall.

2. The environment makes healthy choices difficult.

3. People have ignored sleep for many years.

4. The policy reduced sugar consumption and improved awareness.

5. Because people work irregular hours, they struggle to maintain a sleep schedule.

6. The campaign failed because it had not considered food prices.

7. Treatment is necessary, but prevention deserves more investment.

8. Governments should act only after the evidence is strong.

9. A tracker may help, but it can also create anxiety.

10. People who sleep badly often report lower energy.

11. The programme produced benefits that could be measured.

12. If employers monitored private data, workers would object.

13. The city improved parks. It also improved public health.

14. This is not only a medical problem. It is also a social problem.

15. Governments spent too little on prevention in the past.

16. The main problem is unequal access.

17. People need advice. They also need time and money.

18. The measure looked effective at first, but later evidence was weaker.

8. Native Academic Toolbox

1. Upgrade: Health is complicated.

2. Upgrade: People should exercise more.

3. Upgrade: Bad food causes illness.

4. Upgrade: Sleep is important.

5. Upgrade: Stress is bad.

6. Upgrade: Technology helps health.

7. Upgrade: The government should help.

8. Upgrade: Some people cannot be healthy.

9. Upgrade: Prevention saves money.

10. Upgrade: Employers cause stress.

11. Upgrade: Communities are useful.

12. Upgrade: Small changes work.

9. IELTS Speaking

Part 1 · 15 questions

PART 1 · 1

Do you do anything to stay healthy?

Use these phrasal verbs
work outstay on track
PART 1 · 2

How important is sleep to you?

Use these phrasal verbs
get back tosleep in
PART 1 · 3

Do you enjoy exercise?

Use these phrasal verbs
work outgive up on
PART 1 · 4

What healthy food do you like?

Use these phrasal verbs
cut down onmake up for
PART 1 · 5

Do you drink enough water?

Use these phrasal verbs
keep track ofstay on track
PART 1 · 6

How do you relax after work?

Use these phrasal verbs
get back tolook after
PART 1 · 7

Do you use health apps?

Use these phrasal verbs
keep track oftake care of
PART 1 · 8

Is your lifestyle active?

Use these phrasal verbs
add up towork out
PART 1 · 9

Do you often feel stressed?

Use these phrasal verbs
run intoride out
PART 1 · 10

Do you prefer exercising alone?

Use these phrasal verbs
work outstay on track
PART 1 · 11

What is your morning routine?

Use these phrasal verbs
set upkeep track of
PART 1 · 12

Do you take regular breaks?

Use these phrasal verbs
look afterstay on track
PART 1 · 13

Are healthy habits expensive?

Use these phrasal verbs
make up forcut down on
PART 1 · 14

Do you enjoy cooking?

Use these phrasal verbs
cut down onadd up to
PART 1 · 15

What habit would you improve?

Use these phrasal verbs
get back togive up on

Part 3 · 15 questions

PART 3 · 1

Should governments spend more on prevention?

Use these phrasal verbs
add up tobring down
PART 3 · 2

Why do people struggle with healthy habits?

Use these phrasal verbs
run intogive up on
PART 3 · 3

Is health mainly personal responsibility?

Use these phrasal verbs
take care ofmake up for
PART 3 · 4

Can technology improve health?

Use these phrasal verbs
keep track ofstay on track
PART 3 · 5

Should unhealthy food be taxed?

Use these phrasal verbs
cut down onbring down
PART 3 · 6

How does work affect health?

Use these phrasal verbs
run intolook after
PART 3 · 7

Why is sleep often neglected?

Use these phrasal verbs
make up forsleep in
PART 3 · 8

Can communities improve wellbeing?

Use these phrasal verbs
look afteradd up to
PART 3 · 9

Are wellness trends harmful?

Use these phrasal verbs
give up onmake up for
PART 3 · 10

Should schools teach health?

Use these phrasal verbs
stay on tracktake care of
PART 3 · 11

How can cities encourage exercise?

Use these phrasal verbs
take care ofadd up to
PART 3 · 12

Should employers monitor health data?

Use these phrasal verbs
keep track ofgive up on
PART 3 · 13

Why is health inequality persistent?

Use these phrasal verbs
run intobring down
PART 3 · 14

Is longer life always desirable?

Use these phrasal verbs
look afteradd up to
PART 3 · 15

How should health advice change?

Use these phrasal verbs
set upstay on track

10. Five IELTS Writing Task 2 topics

TASK 2 · 1

Some people believe governments should spend more on preventing disease than on treating it. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Optional collocation bank
chronic diseasehealth outcomesdaily behavioursadequate sleepnutritious foodstress managementgrowing concernplay a rolelong-term effects
TASK 2 · 2

Employers should be responsible for improving the physical and mental health of their employees. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Optional collocation bank
social connectionlife expectancyhealthspanchronic stresscognitive declinesocial engagementpublic awarenesspersonal responsibilitystructural barriers
TASK 2 · 3

Health-tracking devices and applications are becoming increasingly common. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Optional collocation bank
cognitive resiliencebehavioural interventionsmeasurable improvementscircadian rhythmsleep drivesleep disruptionpolicy interventionevidence-based advicesocial determinants
TASK 2 · 4

Many people consume too much unhealthy food. What are the causes of this problem, and what measures could solve it?

Optional collocation bank
restorative sleepemotional regulationrobust networkspsychological stressmental resiliencestress responseunequal accesspreventive measureshealth inequality
TASK 2 · 5

Schools should provide mental-health support for students. Why is this necessary, and what kind of support should schools provide?

Optional collocation bank
chronic inflammationcardiovascular riskblood pressuregut microbiomeimmune functionmetabolic healthindividual choicebehavioural changesustainable habits
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