Public-facing source used to build traceable topical language and the chapter’s conceptual framework.
Study path
How to use this chapter
Build ideas before practising performance. Recycle earlier language, study the new source-derived vocabulary, retrieve it from context, then move through reading, writing and speaking.
01 · NoticeRead the visual and source audit.
02 · RetrieveFlip every card and complete the contextual gaps.
03 · AnalyseStudy the reading, C2 essay and realistic IELTS model.
04 · ProduceDraft speaking answers and the five additional essays.
Editorial visual brief
Three lenses on the issue
Photo: U.S. Department of State, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
Photo: Gerlinde Hoyle, U.S. Army, public domain.
Photo: Abbey Perria, U.S. Marine Corps, public domain.
Traceability and recirculation
Source and recycling audit
8live public sources
145exact recycled expressions
95new expressions
240flashcards and retrieval targets
Recommended public-facing sources
Public-facing source used to build traceable topical language and the chapter’s conceptual framework.
Public-facing source used to build traceable topical language and the chapter’s conceptual framework.
Public-facing source used to build traceable topical language and the chapter’s conceptual framework.
Public-facing source used to build traceable topical language and the chapter’s conceptual framework.
Public-facing source used to build traceable topical language and the chapter’s conceptual framework.
Public-facing source used to build traceable topical language and the chapter’s conceptual framework.
Public-facing source used to build traceable topical language and the chapter’s conceptual framework.
Systematic recirculation
Repeat vocabulary from Topics 01–29
Five exact expressions return from every earlier chapter. Click any expression for meaning, Russian translation and an example.
Topic 01 · five exact expressions
congestion pricingpublic transport networkmodal shiftactive travellast-mile connectivity
Topic 02 · five exact expressions
teacher qualityequitable accessfoundational learningtargeted financial aidlearning outcomes
Topic 03 · five exact expressions
preventive carehealth literacysocial determinantssedentary behaviourmental wellbeing
Topic 04 · five exact expressions
restorative justicerepeat offendingrehabilitation programmecommunity supervisionprison overcrowding
Topic 05 · five exact expressions
information disordercontent moderationmedia literacypublic trustalgorithmic amplification
Topic 06 · five exact expressions
data minimisationinformed consentfacial recognitionsurveillance infrastructureprivacy safeguards
Topic 07 · five exact expressions
job displacementreskilling programmeslabour-market transitionhuman oversightproductivity gains
Topic 08 · five exact expressions
peer reviewresearch integritypublic fundingscientific literacylong-term research
Topic 09 · five exact expressions
scientific spilloversplanetary defencesatellite infrastructureopportunity costinternational cooperation
Topic 10 · five exact expressions
climate mitigationclimate adaptationenergy securityjust transitioncarbon-intensive infrastructure
Topic 11 · five exact expressions
habitat fragmentationecosystem restorationspecies abundanceecological connectivityhuman-wildlife conflict
Topic 12 · five exact expressions
food securitysustainable agriculturesupply-chain resiliencefood wasteregenerative farming
Topic 13 · five exact expressions
housing affordabilitysocial housingplanning reformrental insecuritymixed-use development
Topic 14 · five exact expressions
circular economyeconomic externalitiesmaterial footprintresource productivitywater-security gap
Topic 15 · five exact expressions
adjustment burdensupply-chain diversificationtrade dependencestrategic autonomyexport competitiveness
Topic 16 · five exact expressions
local displacementplace-based policyresident-centred growthcarrying capacitytourism leakage
Topic 17 · five exact expressions
civic participationinstitutional coordinationreceiving communitiesintegration outcome indicatorsdignity-centred approach
Topic 18 · five exact expressions
humanitarian aidjoint aid accountabilitylocal ownershipsustainable financingcapacity building
Topic 19 · five exact expressions
collective actiondispute settlementinstitutional legitimacynational sovereigntytreaty obligations
Topic 20 · five exact expressions
commercial transparencyconsumer autonomypersuasive designmaterial aspirationimpulse buying
Topic 21 · five exact expressions
right to disconnectafter-hours availabilityboundaryless workdigital presenteeismoccupational wellbeing
Topic 22 · five exact expressions
arm’s-length fundingcultural participationpublic valueartistic freedomcreative workforce
Topic 23 · five exact expressions
sporting meritrandom testingathlete welfaregrassroots participationcollective identity
Topic 24 · five exact expressions
responsive parentingage-appropriate autonomygraduated responsibilityparental scaffoldingreasonable risk
Topic 25 · five exact expressions
unpaid care workcare infrastructuregender pay gapshared parental leaveoccupational segregation
Topic 26 · five exact expressions
population ageingpension adequacylong-term care systemageing in placeintergenerational equity
Topic 27 · five exact expressions
market-income inequalityprogressive tax scheduleintergenerational mobilitywealth concentrationequality of opportunity
Topic 28 · five exact expressions
global lingua francamultilingual educationlinguistic heritagemutual intelligibilityguarantee language access
Topic 29 · five exact expressions
freedom of expressionprior restraintchilling effecteditorial independenceproportionality test
Section 1
New vocabulary · 95 expressions
The four fixed Plan V1 groups contain 40 advanced expressions, 20 essential collocations, 20 academic-framework expressions and 15 phrasal verbs.
Advanced topical expressions · 40
40 itemsformal volunteering
формальное волонтёрство
unpaid activity organised through an institution
Formal volunteering should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentinformal volunteering
неформальное волонтёрство
unpaid help provided outside a formal organisation
Informal volunteering should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic serviceepisodic volunteering
эпизодическое волонтёрство
short-term or one-off voluntary participation
Episodic volunteering should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
United Nations — Volunteerismregular volunteering
регулярное волонтёрство
repeated unpaid service over an extended period
Regular volunteering should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalsmicro-volunteering
микроволонтёрство
small voluntary tasks completed in limited periods of time
Micro-volunteering should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesiondigital volunteering
цифровое волонтёрство
voluntary activity conducted partly or wholly online
Digital volunteering should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportskills-based volunteering
волонтёрство на основе навыков
unpaid contribution using specialised professional abilities
Skills-based volunteering should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationemployee volunteering
корпоративное волонтёрство
voluntary service supported by an employer
Employee volunteering should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationservice learning
обучение через общественную работу
education combining curriculum with structured community service
Service learning should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentcivic service
гражданская служба
organised service intended to support public or community goals
Civic service should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic servicemutual aid
взаимопомощь
reciprocal community support organised among participants
Mutual aid should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
United Nations — Volunteerismneighbourhood association
районная ассоциация
local membership organisation representing residents
Neighbourhood association should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalscommunity organising
организация сообщества
collective mobilisation around shared local concerns
Community organising should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesioncivic infrastructure
гражданская инфраструктура
organisations, spaces and relationships enabling public participation
Civic infrastructure should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportsocial capital
социальный капитал
resources embedded in relationships, networks and norms
Social capital should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationbonding capital
связывающий капитал внутри группы
strong ties among people with similar backgrounds
Bonding capital should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationbridging capital
мостовой социальный капитал
connections across different social groups
Bridging capital should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentlinking capital
вертикальный социальный капитал
relationships connecting communities with institutions and power
Linking capital should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic servicegeneralised trust
обобщённое доверие
confidence in people beyond one’s immediate circle
Generalised trust should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
United Nations — Volunteerismparticularised trust
партикулярное доверие
confidence mainly in familiar people or one’s own group
Particularised trust should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalsinstitutional trust
институциональное доверие
confidence in public, civic or organisational institutions
Institutional trust should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesionreciprocity norm
норма взаимности
expectation that help will be returned or passed onward
Reciprocity norm should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportcollective efficacy
коллективная действенность
shared capacity to coordinate and solve common problems
Collective efficacy should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationcommunity resilience
устойчивость сообщества
ability of a community to adapt to shocks and recover
Community resilience should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationassociational life
ассоциативная жизнь
participation in clubs, groups and voluntary organisations
Associational life should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentcivic habit
гражданская привычка
regular disposition to participate in common affairs
Civic habit should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic serviceparticipation gap
разрыв в участии
difference in civic involvement between social groups
Participation gap should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
United Nations — Volunteerismvolunteer retention
удержание волонтёров
continued participation of volunteers over time
Volunteer retention should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalsvolunteer burnout
выгорание волонтёров
exhaustion caused by excessive or poorly supported voluntary demands
Volunteer burnout should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesionvolunteer management
управление волонтёрами
recruitment, support and coordination of unpaid contributors
Volunteer management should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportrole clarity
ясность роли
clear understanding of duties, authority and limits
Role clarity should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationsafeguarding practice
практика обеспечения безопасности
procedures protecting participants from abuse or harm
Safeguarding practice should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationbackground screening
проверка биографии
review of relevant history before assigning sensitive roles
Background screening should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentinclusive recruitment
инклюзивный набор
outreach and selection designed to include diverse participants
Inclusive recruitment should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic serviceparticipatory governance
партисипативное управление
decision-making that gives affected people a meaningful role
Participatory governance should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
United Nations — Volunteerismco-production
совместное производство услуг
design and delivery of services by professionals and community members together
Co-production should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalscitizen assembly
гражданская ассамблея
representative group of citizens deliberating on public questions
Citizen assembly should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesiondeliberative forum
делиберативный форум
structured setting for informed public discussion
Deliberative forum should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportplace attachment
привязанность к месту
emotional and social connection to a locality
Place attachment should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationcivic identity
гражданская идентичность
sense of oneself as a participant in shared public life
Civic identity should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationEssential collocations · 20
20 itemsjoin local groups
вступать в местные группы
become involved in organisations within a community
Join local groups should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentgive time regularly
регулярно уделять время
contribute unpaid time on a continuing basis
Give time regularly should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic servicerespond to community needs
реагировать на нужды сообщества
align activity with locally identified priorities
Respond to community needs should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
United Nations — Volunteerismbuild neighbourhood ties
укреплять соседские связи
create stronger relationships among nearby residents
Build neighbourhood ties should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalsbridge social divides
преодолевать социальные разрывы
connect people separated by background or status
Bridge social divides should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesionstrengthen mutual trust
укреплять взаимное доверие
increase confidence and reliability among participants
Strengthen mutual trust should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportdevelop civic skills
развивать гражданские навыки
build abilities used in cooperation and public participation
Develop civic skills should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationwelcome new volunteers
приветствовать новых волонтёров
create an accessible and supportive entry process
Welcome new volunteers should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationremove participation barriers
устранять барьеры участия
reduce practical or social obstacles to involvement
Remove participation barriers should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentreimburse volunteer expenses
возмещать расходы волонтёров
repay necessary costs incurred during service
Reimburse volunteer expenses should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic serviceoffer flexible roles
предлагать гибкие роли
provide varied commitments compatible with different lives
Offer flexible roles should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
United Nations — Volunteerismmatch skills to tasks
соотносить навыки и задачи
assign work according to capability and interest
Match skills to tasks should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalsprovide volunteer training
обеспечивать обучение волонтёров
prepare contributors for their responsibilities
Provide volunteer training should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesionrecognise unpaid contributions
признавать неоплачиваемый вклад
acknowledge the value of voluntary work
Recognise unpaid contributions should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportprevent volunteer burnout
предотвращать выгорание волонтёров
limit overload and provide adequate support
Prevent volunteer burnout should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationshare decision-making power
делиться полномочиями в принятии решений
give participants meaningful influence over choices
Share decision-making power should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationsupport grassroots organisations
поддерживать низовые организации
strengthen locally rooted civic groups
Support grassroots organisations should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentfund civic spaces
финансировать гражданские пространства
provide resources for places where public activity occurs
Fund civic spaces should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic servicemeasure community impact
измерять влияние на сообщество
assess outcomes for people and local systems
Measure community impact should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
United Nations — Volunteerismsustain long-term engagement
поддерживать долгосрочное участие
maintain involvement beyond a single event
Sustain long-term engagement should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global GoalsAcademic framework · 20
20 itemsparticipation rate
уровень участия
share of a population engaged in an activity
Participation rate should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesionvolunteer intensity
интенсивность волонтёрства
amount or frequency of time contributed
Volunteer intensity should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportretention rate
коэффициент удержания
proportion of participants who continue over time
Retention rate should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationcivic-engagement pathway
траектория гражданского участия
sequence through which people enter and deepen participation
Civic-engagement pathway should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationsocial-capital formation
формирование социального капитала
development of networks, trust and reciprocal norms
Social-capital formation should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentnetwork diversity
разнообразие сети
range of social backgrounds represented in relationships
Network diversity should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic servicecross-group contact
межгрупповой контакт
interaction between people from different social groups
Cross-group contact should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
United Nations — Volunteerismparticipatory inequality
неравенство участия
unequal ability or likelihood to influence public life
Participatory inequality should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalsselection effect
эффект самоотбора
difference caused by who chooses to participate
Selection effect should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesioncausal direction
направление причинности
whether one variable causes another or the reverse
Causal direction should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportcommunity-level outcome
результат на уровне сообщества
effect measured for a locality rather than an individual
Community-level outcome should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationinstitutional embeddedness
институциональная укоренённость
degree to which activity is connected to stable institutions
Institutional embeddedness should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationorganisational capacity
организационная способность
resources and competence needed to deliver work effectively
Organisational capacity should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentvolunteer substitution
замещение оплачиваемого труда волонтёрским
replacement of paid roles with unpaid labour
Volunteer substitution should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic serviceadditionality principle
принцип дополнительности
requirement that volunteering adds value rather than replaces obligations
Additionality principle should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
United Nations — Volunteerismco-production mechanism
механизм совместного производства
process through which users and professionals create services together
Co-production mechanism should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalsdeliberative quality
качество обсуждения
inclusiveness, evidence and reasoning within public dialogue
Deliberative quality should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesionrepresentation deficit
дефицит представительства
underrepresentation of affected or marginalised groups
Representation deficit should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reporttrust-building mechanism
механизм формирования доверия
process through which repeated cooperation generates confidence
Trust-building mechanism should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationlongitudinal participation
долгосрочное отслеживание участия
participation observed across an extended period
Longitudinal participation should be assessed through evidence, rights, distributional effects and practical implementation.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationArticle-derived phrasal verbs · 15
15 itemspitch in
включаться и помогать
contribute effort to a shared task
Residents often pitch in when a neighbourhood faces an immediate practical problem.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmenthelp out
помогать
provide practical assistance
People may help out occasionally even when they cannot accept a regular role.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic servicesign up for
записываться на
register to take part in an activity
Clear information makes it easier for newcomers to sign up for suitable activities.
United Nations — Volunteerismshow up for
приходить и поддерживать
be reliably present for a person or cause
Reliable volunteers show up for people and organisations over time.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalsgive back to
отдавать долг сообществу
contribute to a community that has provided support
Many adults volunteer because they want to give back to a community that supported them.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesionteam up with
объединяться с
work jointly with another person or organisation
Small associations can team up with schools, libraries and local businesses.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportchip in
вносить вклад
contribute time, money or materials
Neighbours may chip in time, equipment or small donations.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationget involved in
вовлекаться в
begin participating in an activity
Flexible entry points help more residents get involved in civic life.
OECD — Measuring social capital for place transformationstep forward
выдвигаться помочь
volunteer to accept responsibility
People are more likely to step forward when responsibilities are clearly defined.
OECD — Volunteering for local developmentbring together
объединять
cause different people to meet or cooperate
A well-designed project can bring together residents who rarely meet otherwise.
OECD — Youth volunteering and civic servicekeep up
продолжать на прежнем уровне
maintain an activity or commitment
Organisations need realistic workloads if volunteers are expected to keep up their involvement.
United Nations — Volunteerismdrop out of
выбывать из
stop participating before completion
Participants may drop out of programmes that ignore costs, care duties or accessibility.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goalsset up
создавать
establish an organisation, event or project
Community leaders can set up a local group around a concrete shared need.
UN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesionhand over
передавать
transfer responsibility or knowledge
Experienced volunteers should hand over knowledge without monopolising authority.
UN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Reportfollow through on
доводить до конца
complete an action or honour a commitment
Trust grows when organisations follow through on promises made during consultation.
TIME — Rebuilding civic participationSection 2
RU → EN flashcards · 240 cards
Recall before revealing. Say the English expression aloud, then flip the card and use the audio button.
плата за дорожную перегруженностьRecycled from Topic 1
congestion pricingan established concept from Topic 1 that can be applied to a new policy problem
сеть общественного транспортаRecycled from Topic 1
public transport networkan established concept from Topic 1 that can be applied to a new policy problem
переход на другой вид транспортаRecycled from Topic 1
modal shiftan established concept from Topic 1 that can be applied to a new policy problem
активное передвижениеRecycled from Topic 1
active travelan established concept from Topic 1 that can be applied to a new policy problem
связность последней милиRecycled from Topic 1
last-mile connectivityan established concept from Topic 1 that can be applied to a new policy problem
качество преподаванияRecycled from Topic 2
teacher qualityan established concept from Topic 2 that can be applied to a new policy problem
справедливый доступRecycled from Topic 2
equitable accessan established concept from Topic 2 that can be applied to a new policy problem
базовое обучениеRecycled from Topic 2
foundational learningan established concept from Topic 2 that can be applied to a new policy problem
адресная финансовая помощьRecycled from Topic 2
targeted financial aidan established concept from Topic 2 that can be applied to a new policy problem
результаты обученияRecycled from Topic 2
learning outcomesan established concept from Topic 2 that can be applied to a new policy problem
профилактическая помощьRecycled from Topic 3
preventive carean established concept from Topic 3 that can be applied to a new policy problem
медицинская грамотностьRecycled from Topic 3
health literacyan established concept from Topic 3 that can be applied to a new policy problem
социальные детерминантыRecycled from Topic 3
social determinantsan established concept from Topic 3 that can be applied to a new policy problem
малоподвижное поведениеRecycled from Topic 3
sedentary behaviouran established concept from Topic 3 that can be applied to a new policy problem
психологическое благополучиеRecycled from Topic 3
mental wellbeingan established concept from Topic 3 that can be applied to a new policy problem
восстановительное правосудиеRecycled from Topic 4
restorative justicean established concept from Topic 4 that can be applied to a new policy problem
повторная преступностьRecycled from Topic 4
repeat offendingan established concept from Topic 4 that can be applied to a new policy problem
программа реабилитацииRecycled from Topic 4
rehabilitation programmean established concept from Topic 4 that can be applied to a new policy problem
надзор в сообществеRecycled from Topic 4
community supervisionan established concept from Topic 4 that can be applied to a new policy problem
переполненность тюремRecycled from Topic 4
prison overcrowdingan established concept from Topic 4 that can be applied to a new policy problem
информационный беспорядокRecycled from Topic 5
information disorderan established concept from Topic 5 that can be applied to a new policy problem
модерация контентаRecycled from Topic 5
content moderationan established concept from Topic 5 that can be applied to a new policy problem
медиаграмотностьRecycled from Topic 5
media literacyan established concept from Topic 5 that can be applied to a new policy problem
общественное довериеRecycled from Topic 5
public trustan established concept from Topic 5 that can be applied to a new policy problem
алгоритмическое усилениеRecycled from Topic 5
algorithmic amplificationan established concept from Topic 5 that can be applied to a new policy problem
минимизация данныхRecycled from Topic 6
data minimisationan established concept from Topic 6 that can be applied to a new policy problem
информированное согласиеRecycled from Topic 6
informed consentan established concept from Topic 6 that can be applied to a new policy problem
распознавание лицRecycled from Topic 6
facial recognitionan established concept from Topic 6 that can be applied to a new policy problem
инфраструктура наблюденияRecycled from Topic 6
surveillance infrastructurean established concept from Topic 6 that can be applied to a new policy problem
гарантии конфиденциальностиRecycled from Topic 6
privacy safeguardsan established concept from Topic 6 that can be applied to a new policy problem
вытеснение рабочих местRecycled from Topic 7
job displacementan established concept from Topic 7 that can be applied to a new policy problem
программы переобученияRecycled from Topic 7
reskilling programmesan established concept from Topic 7 that can be applied to a new policy problem
переход на рынке трудаRecycled from Topic 7
labour-market transitionan established concept from Topic 7 that can be applied to a new policy problem
человеческий контрольRecycled from Topic 7
human oversightan established concept from Topic 7 that can be applied to a new policy problem
рост производительностиRecycled from Topic 7
productivity gainsan established concept from Topic 7 that can be applied to a new policy problem
экспертное рецензированиеRecycled from Topic 8
peer reviewan established concept from Topic 8 that can be applied to a new policy problem
добросовестность исследованийRecycled from Topic 8
research integrityan established concept from Topic 8 that can be applied to a new policy problem
государственное финансированиеRecycled from Topic 8
public fundingan established concept from Topic 8 that can be applied to a new policy problem
научная грамотностьRecycled from Topic 8
scientific literacyan established concept from Topic 8 that can be applied to a new policy problem
долгосрочные исследованияRecycled from Topic 8
long-term researchan established concept from Topic 8 that can be applied to a new policy problem
побочные научные выгодыRecycled from Topic 9
scientific spilloversan established concept from Topic 9 that can be applied to a new policy problem
планетарная защитаRecycled from Topic 9
planetary defencean established concept from Topic 9 that can be applied to a new policy problem
спутниковая инфраструктураRecycled from Topic 9
satellite infrastructurean established concept from Topic 9 that can be applied to a new policy problem
альтернативная стоимостьRecycled from Topic 9
opportunity costan established concept from Topic 9 that can be applied to a new policy problem
международное сотрудничествоRecycled from Topic 9
international cooperationan established concept from Topic 9 that can be applied to a new policy problem
смягчение изменения климатаRecycled from Topic 10
climate mitigationan established concept from Topic 10 that can be applied to a new policy problem
адаптация к изменению климатаRecycled from Topic 10
climate adaptationan established concept from Topic 10 that can be applied to a new policy problem
энергетическая безопасностьRecycled from Topic 10
energy securityan established concept from Topic 10 that can be applied to a new policy problem
справедливый переходRecycled from Topic 10
just transitionan established concept from Topic 10 that can be applied to a new policy problem
углеродоёмкая инфраструктураRecycled from Topic 10
carbon-intensive infrastructurean established concept from Topic 10 that can be applied to a new policy problem
фрагментация среды обитанияRecycled from Topic 11
habitat fragmentationan established concept from Topic 11 that can be applied to a new policy problem
восстановление экосистемRecycled from Topic 11
ecosystem restorationan established concept from Topic 11 that can be applied to a new policy problem
численность видовRecycled from Topic 11
species abundancean established concept from Topic 11 that can be applied to a new policy problem
экологическая связностьRecycled from Topic 11
ecological connectivityan established concept from Topic 11 that can be applied to a new policy problem
конфликт человека и дикой природыRecycled from Topic 11
human-wildlife conflictan established concept from Topic 11 that can be applied to a new policy problem
продовольственная безопасностьRecycled from Topic 12
food securityan established concept from Topic 12 that can be applied to a new policy problem
устойчивое сельское хозяйствоRecycled from Topic 12
sustainable agriculturean established concept from Topic 12 that can be applied to a new policy problem
устойчивость цепочек поставокRecycled from Topic 12
supply-chain resiliencean established concept from Topic 12 that can be applied to a new policy problem
пищевые отходыRecycled from Topic 12
food wastean established concept from Topic 12 that can be applied to a new policy problem
регенеративное земледелиеRecycled from Topic 12
regenerative farmingan established concept from Topic 12 that can be applied to a new policy problem
доступность жильяRecycled from Topic 13
housing affordabilityan established concept from Topic 13 that can be applied to a new policy problem
социальное жильёRecycled from Topic 13
social housingan established concept from Topic 13 that can be applied to a new policy problem
реформа городского планированияRecycled from Topic 13
planning reforman established concept from Topic 13 that can be applied to a new policy problem
нестабильность арендыRecycled from Topic 13
rental insecurityan established concept from Topic 13 that can be applied to a new policy problem
многофункциональная застройкаRecycled from Topic 13
mixed-use developmentan established concept from Topic 13 that can be applied to a new policy problem
циркулярная экономикаRecycled from Topic 14
circular economyan established concept from Topic 14 that can be applied to a new policy problem
экономические внешние эффектыRecycled from Topic 14
economic externalitiesan established concept from Topic 14 that can be applied to a new policy problem
материальный следRecycled from Topic 14
material footprintan established concept from Topic 14 that can be applied to a new policy problem
ресурсная продуктивностьRecycled from Topic 14
resource productivityan established concept from Topic 14 that can be applied to a new policy problem
дефицит водной безопасностиRecycled from Topic 14
water-security gapan established concept from Topic 14 that can be applied to a new policy problem
бремя адаптацииRecycled from Topic 15
adjustment burdenan established concept from Topic 15 that can be applied to a new policy problem
диверсификация цепочек поставокRecycled from Topic 15
supply-chain diversificationan established concept from Topic 15 that can be applied to a new policy problem
торговая зависимостьRecycled from Topic 15
trade dependencean established concept from Topic 15 that can be applied to a new policy problem
стратегическая автономияRecycled from Topic 15
strategic autonomyan established concept from Topic 15 that can be applied to a new policy problem
экспортная конкурентоспособностьRecycled from Topic 15
export competitivenessan established concept from Topic 15 that can be applied to a new policy problem
вытеснение местных жителейRecycled from Topic 16
local displacementan established concept from Topic 16 that can be applied to a new policy problem
территориальная политикаRecycled from Topic 16
place-based policyan established concept from Topic 16 that can be applied to a new policy problem
рост, ориентированный на жителейRecycled from Topic 16
resident-centred growthan established concept from Topic 16 that can be applied to a new policy problem
предельная вместимостьRecycled from Topic 16
carrying capacityan established concept from Topic 16 that can be applied to a new policy problem
утечка туристических доходовRecycled from Topic 16
tourism leakagean established concept from Topic 16 that can be applied to a new policy problem
гражданское участиеRecycled from Topic 17
civic participationan established concept from Topic 17 that can be applied to a new policy problem
институциональная координацияRecycled from Topic 17
institutional coordinationan established concept from Topic 17 that can be applied to a new policy problem
принимающие сообществаRecycled from Topic 17
receiving communitiesan established concept from Topic 17 that can be applied to a new policy problem
показатели результатов интеграцииRecycled from Topic 17
integration outcome indicatorsan established concept from Topic 17 that can be applied to a new policy problem
подход, основанный на достоинствеRecycled from Topic 17
dignity-centred approachan established concept from Topic 17 that can be applied to a new policy problem
гуманитарная помощьRecycled from Topic 18
humanitarian aidan established concept from Topic 18 that can be applied to a new policy problem
совместная подотчётность помощиRecycled from Topic 18
joint aid accountabilityan established concept from Topic 18 that can be applied to a new policy problem
местная ответственностьRecycled from Topic 18
local ownershipan established concept from Topic 18 that can be applied to a new policy problem
устойчивое финансированиеRecycled from Topic 18
sustainable financingan established concept from Topic 18 that can be applied to a new policy problem
развитие потенциалаRecycled from Topic 18
capacity buildingan established concept from Topic 18 that can be applied to a new policy problem
коллективные действияRecycled from Topic 19
collective actionan established concept from Topic 19 that can be applied to a new policy problem
разрешение споровRecycled from Topic 19
dispute settlementan established concept from Topic 19 that can be applied to a new policy problem
институциональная легитимностьRecycled from Topic 19
institutional legitimacyan established concept from Topic 19 that can be applied to a new policy problem
национальный суверенитетRecycled from Topic 19
national sovereigntyan established concept from Topic 19 that can be applied to a new policy problem
договорные обязательстваRecycled from Topic 19
treaty obligationsan established concept from Topic 19 that can be applied to a new policy problem
коммерческая прозрачностьRecycled from Topic 20
commercial transparencyan established concept from Topic 20 that can be applied to a new policy problem
автономия потребителяRecycled from Topic 20
consumer autonomyan established concept from Topic 20 that can be applied to a new policy problem
убеждающий дизайнRecycled from Topic 20
persuasive designan established concept from Topic 20 that can be applied to a new policy problem
материальные стремленияRecycled from Topic 20
material aspirationan established concept from Topic 20 that can be applied to a new policy problem
импульсивные покупкиRecycled from Topic 20
impulse buyingan established concept from Topic 20 that can be applied to a new policy problem
право отключаться от работыRecycled from Topic 21
right to disconnectan established concept from Topic 21 that can be applied to a new policy problem
доступность после рабочего времениRecycled from Topic 21
after-hours availabilityan established concept from Topic 21 that can be applied to a new policy problem
работа без границRecycled from Topic 21
boundaryless workan established concept from Topic 21 that can be applied to a new policy problem
цифровой презентеизмRecycled from Topic 21
digital presenteeisman established concept from Topic 21 that can be applied to a new policy problem
профессиональное благополучиеRecycled from Topic 21
occupational wellbeingan established concept from Topic 21 that can be applied to a new policy problem
независимое финансирование культурыRecycled from Topic 22
arm’s-length fundingan established concept from Topic 22 that can be applied to a new policy problem
участие в культурной жизниRecycled from Topic 22
cultural participationan established concept from Topic 22 that can be applied to a new policy problem
общественная ценностьRecycled from Topic 22
public valuean established concept from Topic 22 that can be applied to a new policy problem
творческая свободаRecycled from Topic 22
artistic freedoman established concept from Topic 22 that can be applied to a new policy problem
творческая рабочая силаRecycled from Topic 22
creative workforcean established concept from Topic 22 that can be applied to a new policy problem
спортивные заслугиRecycled from Topic 23
sporting meritan established concept from Topic 23 that can be applied to a new policy problem
внеплановое тестированиеRecycled from Topic 23
random testingan established concept from Topic 23 that can be applied to a new policy problem
благополучие спортсменовRecycled from Topic 23
athlete welfarean established concept from Topic 23 that can be applied to a new policy problem
массовое участиеRecycled from Topic 23
grassroots participationan established concept from Topic 23 that can be applied to a new policy problem
коллективная идентичностьRecycled from Topic 23
collective identityan established concept from Topic 23 that can be applied to a new policy problem
отзывчивое воспитаниеRecycled from Topic 24
responsive parentingan established concept from Topic 24 that can be applied to a new policy problem
соответствующая возрасту самостоятельностьRecycled from Topic 24
age-appropriate autonomyan established concept from Topic 24 that can be applied to a new policy problem
постепенно возрастающая ответственностьRecycled from Topic 24
graduated responsibilityan established concept from Topic 24 that can be applied to a new policy problem
родительская поддержка поэтапного развитияRecycled from Topic 24
parental scaffoldingan established concept from Topic 24 that can be applied to a new policy problem
разумный рискRecycled from Topic 24
reasonable riskan established concept from Topic 24 that can be applied to a new policy problem
неоплачиваемый труд по уходуRecycled from Topic 25
unpaid care workan established concept from Topic 25 that can be applied to a new policy problem
инфраструктура уходаRecycled from Topic 25
care infrastructurean established concept from Topic 25 that can be applied to a new policy problem
гендерный разрыв в оплате трудаRecycled from Topic 25
gender pay gapan established concept from Topic 25 that can be applied to a new policy problem
совместный родительский отпускRecycled from Topic 25
shared parental leavean established concept from Topic 25 that can be applied to a new policy problem
профессиональная сегрегацияRecycled from Topic 25
occupational segregationan established concept from Topic 25 that can be applied to a new policy problem
старение населенияRecycled from Topic 26
population ageingan established concept from Topic 26 that can be applied to a new policy problem
достаточность пенсииRecycled from Topic 26
pension adequacyan established concept from Topic 26 that can be applied to a new policy problem
система долговременного уходаRecycled from Topic 26
long-term care systeman established concept from Topic 26 that can be applied to a new policy problem
старение на местеRecycled from Topic 26
ageing in placean established concept from Topic 26 that can be applied to a new policy problem
межпоколенческая справедливостьRecycled from Topic 26
intergenerational equityan established concept from Topic 26 that can be applied to a new policy problem
неравенство рыночных доходовRecycled from Topic 27
market-income inequalityan established concept from Topic 27 that can be applied to a new policy problem
прогрессивная шкала налогообложенияRecycled from Topic 27
progressive tax schedulean established concept from Topic 27 that can be applied to a new policy problem
межпоколенческая мобильностьRecycled from Topic 27
intergenerational mobilityan established concept from Topic 27 that can be applied to a new policy problem
концентрация богатстваRecycled from Topic 27
wealth concentrationan established concept from Topic 27 that can be applied to a new policy problem
равенство возможностейRecycled from Topic 27
equality of opportunityan established concept from Topic 27 that can be applied to a new policy problem
глобальный язык межнационального общенияRecycled from Topic 28
global lingua francaan established concept from Topic 28 that can be applied to a new policy problem
многоязычное образованиеRecycled from Topic 28
multilingual educationan established concept from Topic 28 that can be applied to a new policy problem
языковое наследиеRecycled from Topic 28
linguistic heritagean established concept from Topic 28 that can be applied to a new policy problem
взаимная понятностьRecycled from Topic 28
mutual intelligibilityan established concept from Topic 28 that can be applied to a new policy problem
гарантировать языковой доступRecycled from Topic 28
guarantee language accessan established concept from Topic 28 that can be applied to a new policy problem
свобода выражения мненияRecycled from Topic 29
freedom of expressionan established concept from Topic 29 that can be applied to a new policy problem
предварительный запрет публикацииRecycled from Topic 29
prior restraintan established concept from Topic 29 that can be applied to a new policy problem
сдерживающий эффектRecycled from Topic 29
chilling effectan established concept from Topic 29 that can be applied to a new policy problem
редакционная независимостьRecycled from Topic 29
editorial independencean established concept from Topic 29 that can be applied to a new policy problem
тест на соразмерностьRecycled from Topic 29
proportionality testan established concept from Topic 29 that can be applied to a new policy problem
формальное волонтёрствоOECD — Volunteering for local development
formal volunteeringunpaid activity organised through an institution
неформальное волонтёрствоOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
informal volunteeringunpaid help provided outside a formal organisation
эпизодическое волонтёрствоUnited Nations — Volunteerism
episodic volunteeringshort-term or one-off voluntary participation
регулярное волонтёрствоUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
regular volunteeringrepeated unpaid service over an extended period
микроволонтёрствоUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
micro-volunteeringsmall voluntary tasks completed in limited periods of time
цифровое волонтёрствоUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
digital volunteeringvoluntary activity conducted partly or wholly online
волонтёрство на основе навыковTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
skills-based volunteeringunpaid contribution using specialised professional abilities
корпоративное волонтёрствоOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
employee volunteeringvoluntary service supported by an employer
обучение через общественную работуOECD — Volunteering for local development
service learningeducation combining curriculum with structured community service
гражданская службаOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
civic serviceorganised service intended to support public or community goals
взаимопомощьUnited Nations — Volunteerism
mutual aidreciprocal community support organised among participants
районная ассоциацияUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
neighbourhood associationlocal membership organisation representing residents
организация сообществаUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
community organisingcollective mobilisation around shared local concerns
гражданская инфраструктураUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
civic infrastructureorganisations, spaces and relationships enabling public participation
социальный капиталTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
social capitalresources embedded in relationships, networks and norms
связывающий капитал внутри группыOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
bonding capitalstrong ties among people with similar backgrounds
мостовой социальный капиталOECD — Volunteering for local development
bridging capitalconnections across different social groups
вертикальный социальный капиталOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
linking capitalrelationships connecting communities with institutions and power
обобщённое довериеUnited Nations — Volunteerism
generalised trustconfidence in people beyond one’s immediate circle
партикулярное довериеUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
particularised trustconfidence mainly in familiar people or one’s own group
институциональное довериеUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
institutional trustconfidence in public, civic or organisational institutions
норма взаимностиUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
reciprocity normexpectation that help will be returned or passed onward
коллективная действенностьTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
collective efficacyshared capacity to coordinate and solve common problems
устойчивость сообществаOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
community resilienceability of a community to adapt to shocks and recover
ассоциативная жизньOECD — Volunteering for local development
associational lifeparticipation in clubs, groups and voluntary organisations
гражданская привычкаOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
civic habitregular disposition to participate in common affairs
разрыв в участииUnited Nations — Volunteerism
participation gapdifference in civic involvement between social groups
удержание волонтёровUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
volunteer retentioncontinued participation of volunteers over time
выгорание волонтёровUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
volunteer burnoutexhaustion caused by excessive or poorly supported voluntary demands
управление волонтёрамиUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
volunteer managementrecruitment, support and coordination of unpaid contributors
ясность ролиTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
role clarityclear understanding of duties, authority and limits
практика обеспечения безопасностиOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
safeguarding practiceprocedures protecting participants from abuse or harm
проверка биографииOECD — Volunteering for local development
background screeningreview of relevant history before assigning sensitive roles
инклюзивный наборOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
inclusive recruitmentoutreach and selection designed to include diverse participants
партисипативное управлениеUnited Nations — Volunteerism
participatory governancedecision-making that gives affected people a meaningful role
совместное производство услугUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
co-productiondesign and delivery of services by professionals and community members together
гражданская ассамблеяUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
citizen assemblyrepresentative group of citizens deliberating on public questions
делиберативный форумUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
deliberative forumstructured setting for informed public discussion
привязанность к местуTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
place attachmentemotional and social connection to a locality
гражданская идентичностьOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
civic identitysense of oneself as a participant in shared public life
вступать в местные группыOECD — Volunteering for local development
join local groupsbecome involved in organisations within a community
регулярно уделять времяOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
give time regularlycontribute unpaid time on a continuing basis
реагировать на нужды сообществаUnited Nations — Volunteerism
respond to community needsalign activity with locally identified priorities
укреплять соседские связиUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
build neighbourhood tiescreate stronger relationships among nearby residents
преодолевать социальные разрывыUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
bridge social dividesconnect people separated by background or status
укреплять взаимное довериеUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
strengthen mutual trustincrease confidence and reliability among participants
развивать гражданские навыкиTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
develop civic skillsbuild abilities used in cooperation and public participation
приветствовать новых волонтёровOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
welcome new volunteerscreate an accessible and supportive entry process
устранять барьеры участияOECD — Volunteering for local development
remove participation barriersreduce practical or social obstacles to involvement
возмещать расходы волонтёровOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
reimburse volunteer expensesrepay necessary costs incurred during service
предлагать гибкие ролиUnited Nations — Volunteerism
offer flexible rolesprovide varied commitments compatible with different lives
соотносить навыки и задачиUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
match skills to tasksassign work according to capability and interest
обеспечивать обучение волонтёровUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
provide volunteer trainingprepare contributors for their responsibilities
признавать неоплачиваемый вкладUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
recognise unpaid contributionsacknowledge the value of voluntary work
предотвращать выгорание волонтёровTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
prevent volunteer burnoutlimit overload and provide adequate support
делиться полномочиями в принятии решенийOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
share decision-making powergive participants meaningful influence over choices
поддерживать низовые организацииOECD — Volunteering for local development
support grassroots organisationsstrengthen locally rooted civic groups
финансировать гражданские пространстваOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
fund civic spacesprovide resources for places where public activity occurs
измерять влияние на сообществоUnited Nations — Volunteerism
measure community impactassess outcomes for people and local systems
поддерживать долгосрочное участиеUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
sustain long-term engagementmaintain involvement beyond a single event
уровень участияUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
participation rateshare of a population engaged in an activity
интенсивность волонтёрстваUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
volunteer intensityamount or frequency of time contributed
коэффициент удержанияTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
retention rateproportion of participants who continue over time
траектория гражданского участияOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
civic-engagement pathwaysequence through which people enter and deepen participation
формирование социального капиталаOECD — Volunteering for local development
social-capital formationdevelopment of networks, trust and reciprocal norms
разнообразие сетиOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
network diversityrange of social backgrounds represented in relationships
межгрупповой контактUnited Nations — Volunteerism
cross-group contactinteraction between people from different social groups
неравенство участияUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
participatory inequalityunequal ability or likelihood to influence public life
эффект самоотбораUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
selection effectdifference caused by who chooses to participate
направление причинностиUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
causal directionwhether one variable causes another or the reverse
результат на уровне сообществаTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
community-level outcomeeffect measured for a locality rather than an individual
институциональная укоренённостьOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
institutional embeddednessdegree to which activity is connected to stable institutions
организационная способностьOECD — Volunteering for local development
organisational capacityresources and competence needed to deliver work effectively
замещение оплачиваемого труда волонтёрскимOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
volunteer substitutionreplacement of paid roles with unpaid labour
принцип дополнительностиUnited Nations — Volunteerism
additionality principlerequirement that volunteering adds value rather than replaces obligations
механизм совместного производстваUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
co-production mechanismprocess through which users and professionals create services together
качество обсужденияUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
deliberative qualityinclusiveness, evidence and reasoning within public dialogue
дефицит представительстваUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
representation deficitunderrepresentation of affected or marginalised groups
механизм формирования доверияTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
trust-building mechanismprocess through which repeated cooperation generates confidence
долгосрочное отслеживание участияOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
longitudinal participationparticipation observed across an extended period
включаться и помогатьOECD — Volunteering for local development
pitch incontribute effort to a shared task
помогатьOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
help outprovide practical assistance
записываться наUnited Nations — Volunteerism
sign up forregister to take part in an activity
приходить и поддерживатьUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
show up forbe reliably present for a person or cause
отдавать долг сообществуUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
give back tocontribute to a community that has provided support
объединяться сUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
team up withwork jointly with another person or organisation
вносить вкладTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
chip incontribute time, money or materials
вовлекаться вOECD — Measuring social capital for place transformation
get involved inbegin participating in an activity
выдвигаться помочьOECD — Volunteering for local development
step forwardvolunteer to accept responsibility
объединятьOECD — Youth volunteering and civic service
bring togethercause different people to meet or cooperate
продолжать на прежнем уровнеUnited Nations — Volunteerism
keep upmaintain an activity or commitment
выбывать изUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and the Global Goals
drop out ofstop participating before completion
создаватьUN Volunteers — Volunteerism and social cohesion
set upestablish an organisation, event or project
передаватьUN Volunteers — State of the World’s Volunteerism Report
hand overtransfer responsibility or knowledge
доводить до концаTIME — Rebuilding civic participation
follow through oncomplete an action or honour a commitment
Section 3
Contextual retrieval · 240 targets
Recover the exact expression from its definition and policy context. Spelling and form matter, because apparently language learners enjoy discovering that one missing preposition can ruin an otherwise respectable answer.
1. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 1 that can be applied to a new policy problem2. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 1 that can be applied to a new policy problem3. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 1 that can be applied to a new policy problem4. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 1 that can be applied to a new policy problem5. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 1 that can be applied to a new policy problem6. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 2 that can be applied to a new policy problem7. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 2 that can be applied to a new policy problem8. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 2 that can be applied to a new policy problem9. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 2 that can be applied to a new policy problem10. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 2 that can be applied to a new policy problem11. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 3 that can be applied to a new policy problem12. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 3 that can be applied to a new policy problem13. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 3 that can be applied to a new policy problem14. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 3 that can be applied to a new policy problem15. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 3 that can be applied to a new policy problem16. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 4 that can be applied to a new policy problem17. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 4 that can be applied to a new policy problem18. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 4 that can be applied to a new policy problem19. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 4 that can be applied to a new policy problem20. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 4 that can be applied to a new policy problem21. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 5 that can be applied to a new policy problem22. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 5 that can be applied to a new policy problem23. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 5 that can be applied to a new policy problem24. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 5 that can be applied to a new policy problem25. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 5 that can be applied to a new policy problem26. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 6 that can be applied to a new policy problem27. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 6 that can be applied to a new policy problem28. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 6 that can be applied to a new policy problem29. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 6 that can be applied to a new policy problem30. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 6 that can be applied to a new policy problem31. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 7 that can be applied to a new policy problem32. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 7 that can be applied to a new policy problem33. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 7 that can be applied to a new policy problem34. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 7 that can be applied to a new policy problem35. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 7 that can be applied to a new policy problem36. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 8 that can be applied to a new policy problem37. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 8 that can be applied to a new policy problem38. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 8 that can be applied to a new policy problem39. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 8 that can be applied to a new policy problem40. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 8 that can be applied to a new policy problem41. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 9 that can be applied to a new policy problem42. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 9 that can be applied to a new policy problem43. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 9 that can be applied to a new policy problem44. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 9 that can be applied to a new policy problem45. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 9 that can be applied to a new policy problem46. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 10 that can be applied to a new policy problem47. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 10 that can be applied to a new policy problem48. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 10 that can be applied to a new policy problem49. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 10 that can be applied to a new policy problem50. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 10 that can be applied to a new policy problem51. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 11 that can be applied to a new policy problem52. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 11 that can be applied to a new policy problem53. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 11 that can be applied to a new policy problem54. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 11 that can be applied to a new policy problem55. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 11 that can be applied to a new policy problem56. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 12 that can be applied to a new policy problem57. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 12 that can be applied to a new policy problem58. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 12 that can be applied to a new policy problem59. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 12 that can be applied to a new policy problem60. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 12 that can be applied to a new policy problem61. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 13 that can be applied to a new policy problem62. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 13 that can be applied to a new policy problem63. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 13 that can be applied to a new policy problem64. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 13 that can be applied to a new policy problem65. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 13 that can be applied to a new policy problem66. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 14 that can be applied to a new policy problem67. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 14 that can be applied to a new policy problem68. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 14 that can be applied to a new policy problem69. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 14 that can be applied to a new policy problem70. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 14 that can be applied to a new policy problem71. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 15 that can be applied to a new policy problem72. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 15 that can be applied to a new policy problem73. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 15 that can be applied to a new policy problem74. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 15 that can be applied to a new policy problem75. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 15 that can be applied to a new policy problem76. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 16 that can be applied to a new policy problem77. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 16 that can be applied to a new policy problem78. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 16 that can be applied to a new policy problem79. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 16 that can be applied to a new policy problem80. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 16 that can be applied to a new policy problem81. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 17 that can be applied to a new policy problem82. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 17 that can be applied to a new policy problem83. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 17 that can be applied to a new policy problem84. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 17 that can be applied to a new policy problem85. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 17 that can be applied to a new policy problem86. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 18 that can be applied to a new policy problem87. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 18 that can be applied to a new policy problem88. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 18 that can be applied to a new policy problem89. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 18 that can be applied to a new policy problem90. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 18 that can be applied to a new policy problem91. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 19 that can be applied to a new policy problem92. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 19 that can be applied to a new policy problem93. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 19 that can be applied to a new policy problem94. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 19 that can be applied to a new policy problem95. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 19 that can be applied to a new policy problem96. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 20 that can be applied to a new policy problem97. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 20 that can be applied to a new policy problem98. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 20 that can be applied to a new policy problem99. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 20 that can be applied to a new policy problem100. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 20 that can be applied to a new policy problem101. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 21 that can be applied to a new policy problem102. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 21 that can be applied to a new policy problem103. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 21 that can be applied to a new policy problem104. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 21 that can be applied to a new policy problem105. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 21 that can be applied to a new policy problem106. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 22 that can be applied to a new policy problem107. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 22 that can be applied to a new policy problem108. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 22 that can be applied to a new policy problem109. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 22 that can be applied to a new policy problem110. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 22 that can be applied to a new policy problem111. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 23 that can be applied to a new policy problem112. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 23 that can be applied to a new policy problem113. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 23 that can be applied to a new policy problem114. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 23 that can be applied to a new policy problem115. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 23 that can be applied to a new policy problem116. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 24 that can be applied to a new policy problem117. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 24 that can be applied to a new policy problem118. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 24 that can be applied to a new policy problem119. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 24 that can be applied to a new policy problem120. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 24 that can be applied to a new policy problem121. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 25 that can be applied to a new policy problem122. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 25 that can be applied to a new policy problem123. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 25 that can be applied to a new policy problem124. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 25 that can be applied to a new policy problem125. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 25 that can be applied to a new policy problem126. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 26 that can be applied to a new policy problem127. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 26 that can be applied to a new policy problem128. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 26 that can be applied to a new policy problem129. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 26 that can be applied to a new policy problem130. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 26 that can be applied to a new policy problem131. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 27 that can be applied to a new policy problem132. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 27 that can be applied to a new policy problem133. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 27 that can be applied to a new policy problem134. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 27 that can be applied to a new policy problem135. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 27 that can be applied to a new policy problem136. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 28 that can be applied to a new policy problem137. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 28 that can be applied to a new policy problem138. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 28 that can be applied to a new policy problem139. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 28 that can be applied to a new policy problem140. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 28 that can be applied to a new policy problem141. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 29 that can be applied to a new policy problem142. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 29 that can be applied to a new policy problem143. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 29 that can be applied to a new policy problem144. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 29 that can be applied to a new policy problem145. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: an established concept from Topic 29 that can be applied to a new policy problem146. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: unpaid activity organised through an institution147. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: unpaid help provided outside a formal organisation148. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: short-term or one-off voluntary participation149. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: repeated unpaid service over an extended period150. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: small voluntary tasks completed in limited periods of time151. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: voluntary activity conducted partly or wholly online152. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: unpaid contribution using specialised professional abilities153. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: voluntary service supported by an employer154. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: education combining curriculum with structured community service155. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: organised service intended to support public or community goals156. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: reciprocal community support organised among participants157. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: local membership organisation representing residents158. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: collective mobilisation around shared local concerns159. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: organisations, spaces and relationships enabling public participation160. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: resources embedded in relationships, networks and norms161. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: strong ties among people with similar backgrounds162. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: connections across different social groups163. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: relationships connecting communities with institutions and power164. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: confidence in people beyond one’s immediate circle165. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: confidence mainly in familiar people or one’s own group166. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: confidence in public, civic or organisational institutions167. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: expectation that help will be returned or passed onward168. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: shared capacity to coordinate and solve common problems169. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: ability of a community to adapt to shocks and recover170. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: participation in clubs, groups and voluntary organisations171. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: regular disposition to participate in common affairs172. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: difference in civic involvement between social groups173. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: continued participation of volunteers over time174. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: exhaustion caused by excessive or poorly supported voluntary demands175. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: recruitment, support and coordination of unpaid contributors176. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: clear understanding of duties, authority and limits177. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: procedures protecting participants from abuse or harm178. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: review of relevant history before assigning sensitive roles179. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: outreach and selection designed to include diverse participants180. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: decision-making that gives affected people a meaningful role181. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: design and delivery of services by professionals and community members together182. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: representative group of citizens deliberating on public questions183. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: structured setting for informed public discussion184. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: emotional and social connection to a locality185. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: sense of oneself as a participant in shared public life186. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: become involved in organisations within a community187. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: contribute unpaid time on a continuing basis188. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: align activity with locally identified priorities189. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: create stronger relationships among nearby residents190. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: connect people separated by background or status191. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: increase confidence and reliability among participants192. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: build abilities used in cooperation and public participation193. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: create an accessible and supportive entry process194. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: reduce practical or social obstacles to involvement195. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: repay necessary costs incurred during service196. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: provide varied commitments compatible with different lives197. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: assign work according to capability and interest198. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: prepare contributors for their responsibilities199. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: acknowledge the value of voluntary work200. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: limit overload and provide adequate support201. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: give participants meaningful influence over choices202. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: strengthen locally rooted civic groups203. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: provide resources for places where public activity occurs204. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: assess outcomes for people and local systems205. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: maintain involvement beyond a single event206. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: share of a population engaged in an activity207. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: amount or frequency of time contributed208. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: proportion of participants who continue over time209. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: sequence through which people enter and deepen participation210. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: development of networks, trust and reciprocal norms211. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: range of social backgrounds represented in relationships212. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: interaction between people from different social groups213. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: unequal ability or likelihood to influence public life214. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: difference caused by who chooses to participate215. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: whether one variable causes another or the reverse216. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: effect measured for a locality rather than an individual217. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: degree to which activity is connected to stable institutions218. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: resources and competence needed to deliver work effectively219. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: replacement of paid roles with unpaid labour220. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: requirement that volunteering adds value rather than replaces obligations221. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: process through which users and professionals create services together222. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: inclusiveness, evidence and reasoning within public dialogue223. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: underrepresentation of affected or marginalised groups224. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: process through which repeated cooperation generates confidence225. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: participation observed across an extended period226. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: contribute effort to a shared task227. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: provide practical assistance228. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: register to take part in an activity229. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: be reliably present for a person or cause230. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: contribute to a community that has provided support231. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: work jointly with another person or organisation232. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: contribute time, money or materials233. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: begin participating in an activity234. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: volunteer to accept responsibility235. The committee should measure __________ before expanding the programme nationally.
Meaning: cause different people to meet or cooperate236. Researchers used __________ to explain why formally equal rules produced different outcomes.
Meaning: maintain an activity or commitment237. Public debate about __________ should distinguish symbolic commitment from practical delivery.
Meaning: stop participating before completion238. The reform connects __________ with fairer access, stronger institutions and long-term security.
Meaning: establish an organisation, event or project239. Decision-makers should review __________ with the people whose lives it directly affects.
Meaning: transfer responsibility or knowledge240. A credible policy response must address __________ rather than treating it as a private exception.
Meaning: complete an action or honour a commitmentSection 4
Original reading · five developed parts
Read for mechanisms, trade-offs and policy design rather than collecting disconnected opinions.
1 · Volunteering is more than free labour
Volunteering includes a wide range of unpaid activity, from formal volunteering in a charity to informal volunteering among neighbours. Some people give time regularly, while others offer episodic volunteering after a flood, at a cultural event or during a community campaign. These forms should not be treated as interchangeable. Regular roles may build deep knowledge and relationships, whereas short commitments can mobilise many people quickly and create an accessible first step into civic life.
The value of volunteering is not simply the market price of hours donated. Volunteers can identify unmet needs, connect institutions with residents and create forms of trust that paid transactions alone may not generate. At the same time, unpaid enthusiasm must not excuse governments or organisations from funding essential services. The additionality principle requires volunteering to add social value rather than become volunteer substitution for stable, skilled employment. Good policy therefore asks what volunteers uniquely contribute and what responsibilities must remain professional and publicly financed.
2 · Participation is unequally distributed
Civic participation is often praised as though everyone possesses the same ability to join. In reality, time, income, transport, disability, care duties and confidence shape the participation rate. A programme that requires weekday availability and unpaid travel may attract mainly retirees or affluent professionals. This produces participatory inequality even when registration is formally open. Communities with the greatest need may then have the least influence over the projects intended to help them.
Organisations can remove participation barriers by reimbursing costs, providing childcare, choosing accessible venues and offer flexible roles. micro-volunteering and digital volunteering can widen entry, although they do not replace face-to-face relationships in every setting. inclusive recruitment should reach beyond existing friendship networks, because relying on familiar volunteers reinforces particularised trust within one group. A diverse volunteer base creates greater network diversity and increases the chance that local priorities are understood rather than assumed.
3 · Repeated cooperation can build social trust
Volunteering may contribute to social-capital formation by bringing people into repeated, purposeful contact. bonding capital offers support within a close group, while bridging capital connects people across age, ethnicity, occupation or neighbourhood. linking capital connects communities with institutions that control resources and decisions. A healthy civic system needs all three. Strong internal solidarity without wider bridges can reinforce exclusion, whereas weak local ties leave residents isolated from one another.
The causal relationship is not automatic. Trusting people may be more likely to volunteer, creating a selection effect, so a simple association does not prove that volunteering caused trust. The quality of interaction matters. cross-group contact is more likely to strengthen generalised trust when participants have meaningful roles, shared goals and fair status. Repeated cooperation can then establish a reciprocity norm and collective efficacy: the belief that neighbours can act together when a common problem arises.
4 · Good intentions require competent organisations
Poorly managed volunteering can waste effort or create harm. Sensitive roles involving children, health or vulnerable adults require safeguarding practice, appropriate background screening and professional supervision. Volunteers also need role clarity so that they understand responsibilities, limits and reporting lines. Asking people to improvise beyond their competence is neither empowering nor safe.
Retention depends on respect. Organisations should match skills to tasks, provide volunteer training and prevent volunteer burnout. Recognition need not consist of awards; it may mean reliable communication, feedback, expenses paid on time and evidence that the work has purpose. Excessive bureaucracy can discourage participation, but the absence of structure transfers risk to volunteers and service users. Effective volunteer management therefore balances flexibility with accountability. When contributors can see how their effort connects to a wider objective, volunteer retention becomes more likely.
5 · Civic participation should include power, not only service
Volunteering can remain paternalistic when institutions define problems and invite residents only to perform tasks. participatory governance and co-production go further by giving affected people influence over priorities, design and evaluation. A citizen assembly or deliberative forum can supplement elections by creating time for evidence, discussion and considered judgement. These processes are not automatically representative; a representation deficit persists if people with limited time or confidence are absent.
A strong civic infrastructure therefore includes associations, libraries, community centres, local media and small grants, alongside accessible routes into decision-making. Governments should fund civic spaces and support grassroots organisations without controlling their agenda. Success should be measured through community-level outcome, durable relationships and the ability to follow through on collective decisions. The long-term objective is a civic habit: participation becomes a normal part of public life rather than an emergency response performed by the same small group of unusually committed citizens.
Measurement should remain proportionate to the scale of the activity. A small neighbourhood group cannot produce the same reporting system as a national charity, yet it can still record who participates, what changed and whether residents consider the work useful. Shared indicators can help organisations measure community impact without converting every relationship into a spreadsheet. Qualitative evidence, including participant experience and examples of improved coordination, is especially important when the intended result is trust rather than a single physical output.
Continuity also requires leadership renewal. Groups that depend indefinitely on one founder are vulnerable to fatigue and conflict. Experienced participants should hand over knowledge, document procedures and invite newer members into responsibility. This strengthens organisational capacity and prevents civic activity from becoming a private possession. Succession is not a sign that commitment has weakened; it is evidence that a community can reproduce participation beyond one unusually energetic individual.
Section 5
Extended C2 idea-building essay
Extended model · 842 words
Volunteering is often celebrated through images of generosity: a resident cleaning a park, a mentor helping a child or neighbours delivering food during an emergency. These actions deserve recognition, yet admiration can obscure difficult questions. Who has time to volunteer? Which activities genuinely strengthen a community? When does unpaid service supplement public provision, and when does it conceal institutional withdrawal? A serious account must treat volunteering not as uncomplicated virtue but as part of a wider civic infrastructure.
The first distinction is between formal volunteering and informal volunteering. Organisations can provide training, coordination and continuity, but everyday mutual aid may reach people whom formal services overlook. During a crisis, informal networks often respond rapidly because members possess local knowledge and trust. Formal institutions, however, may be better equipped for safeguarding, insurance and long-term delivery. Public policy should support both forms rather than forcing all civic energy into one administrative model.
Participation also reflects inequality. The person able to accept a weekly unpaid role may have secure income, flexible work and reliable transport. Someone with two jobs or intensive care duties may contribute informally yet remain invisible in official statistics. A headline participation rate can therefore conceal substantial participatory inequality. Reimbursement, accessible scheduling and childcare are not peripheral benefits; they determine whose experience enters civic life and whose absence is misread as apathy.
The social-trust argument requires similar caution. Volunteers frequently report stronger belonging, and communities with dense associational networks often display higher cooperation. Yet the causal direction is uncertain. Trust may encourage volunteering rather than result from it. More importantly, participation inside a socially homogeneous club may strengthen bonding capital while doing little to create bridging capital. Programmes build wider trust when they generate sustained, equal-status cross-group contact around meaningful shared goals.
This is where design matters. A one-day event can be useful and welcoming, but repeated cooperation is more likely to create a reciprocity norm and a sense of collective efficacy. People learn who keeps promises, who possesses practical knowledge and how disagreement can be resolved. These modest experiences form a civic education that no lecture can fully reproduce. Participants develop meeting skills, negotiation, leadership and the confidence to approach institutions.
However, volunteering should not replace paid expertise. The additionality principle protects both workers and service users by requiring unpaid activity to add value beyond core obligations. Hospitals, schools and care systems cannot solve chronic understaffing by appealing indefinitely to generosity. volunteer substitution may lower costs in the short term while weakening continuity, accountability and wages. The boundary should be explicit: volunteers can enrich a service, but essential professional functions require stable employment and public responsibility.
Organisational competence is equally important. Goodwill does not eliminate safeguarding risk or guarantee that tasks are useful. role clarity, training and supervision protect participants and make contribution more satisfying. Organisations should monitor volunteer burnout, particularly when committed individuals become the default solution to every shortage. A system that praises sacrifice while repeatedly overloading the same people will eventually destroy the civic energy it claims to value.
The deepest form of participation involves authority. Traditional volunteering invites citizens to deliver a plan designed elsewhere. co-production asks professionals and residents to design and implement services together, while participatory governance gives affected groups a meaningful role in decisions. These approaches can improve fit and legitimacy, but only when institutions are willing to share decision-making power. Consultation without influence trains citizens in cynicism rather than trust.
Deliberative institutions can broaden this principle. A well-run citizen assembly gives a representative group time, evidence and facilitation to consider a complex issue. Such forums do not replace elected government, but they can improve deliberative quality and reveal preferences that emerge after reflection rather than immediate partisan signalling. Their legitimacy depends on inclusive recruitment, transparency and a clear response from decision-makers.
A resilient civic society therefore needs more than campaigns encouraging individuals to be kinder. It requires time, accessible places, small organisations, professional support and institutions prepared to listen. Governments should fund civic spaces, reimburse necessary costs and protect independent associations. Organisations should recognise unpaid contributions without romanticising exhaustion. Citizens, in turn, should be offered pathways from occasional help to sustained influence.
The ultimate outcome is not the number of volunteer hours recorded. It is a community in which people can coordinate across difference, institutions are reachable and participation is not monopolised by the already powerful. Volunteering contributes to this outcome when it builds relationships, develops civic skills and opens decision-making. It fails when it substitutes for public duty or uses residents as decorative evidence of engagement. The policy task is to turn generosity into durable civic capacity without exploiting the people who provide it.
Finally, civic policy should respect independence. Associations become less trustworthy when grants require political loyalty or when consultation is used to display agreement rather than discover disagreement. Stable arm’s-length funding, transparent criteria and plural representation protect institutional trust. A confident government does not need every volunteer organisation to praise it; it benefits from civic groups capable of identifying failure, experimenting locally and holding public bodies to their promises.
Section 6
Realistic IELTS essay · 300–350 words
Question: Some people believe that volunteering should be compulsory for young people, while others argue that unpaid service must remain a personal choice. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Five-paragraph model · 307 words
Whether young people should be required to complete community service is contested because volunteering can develop useful skills, yet compulsion appears inconsistent with the idea of freely given service. Supporters emphasise civic education and social contribution, whereas opponents fear resentment and exploitation. In my view, schools should guarantee structured opportunities and strong encouragement, but participation should normally remain voluntary.
Compulsory service could expose students to people and problems beyond their usual social circle. Working in environmental projects, libraries or care settings may develop civic skills, strengthen place attachment and create cross-group contact. A universal requirement could also reduce the participation gap, since civic experience would not depend entirely on family networks. When combined with reflection, service learning can connect academic knowledge with practical responsibility.
Nevertheless, a mandatory programme can become unpaid labour performed for a certificate. Students with jobs, disabilities or caring duties face unequal costs, and poor placement may generate resentment rather than a civic habit. Organisations may lack the organisational capacity to supervise large numbers safely. Compulsion also weakens the moral meaning of volunteering, because attendance does not guarantee empathy, initiative or continuing commitment after the requirement ends.
A better policy is universal access with flexible choice. Schools should provide transport, insurance and a variety of roles, while allowing students to select causes and schedules. Necessary expenses should be reimbursed, and activities should satisfy the additionality principle rather than replace paid staff. Reflection, recognition and pathways into longer involvement can sustain long-term engagement. Limited civic-learning requirements may be appropriate, but the service itself should retain meaningful consent.
In conclusion, community activity can broaden young people’s experience and reduce unequal access to civic networks. However, compulsory hours risk superficial compliance and unfair burdens. Governments and schools should remove barriers, fund high-quality placements and encourage participation, while leaving students substantial freedom over whether and how they volunteer.
Essay analysis
Clear distinction
The thesis separates compulsory civic learning from coerced unpaid labour.
Developed supporting case
The first body paragraph links service to skills, social contact and equal access.
Credible limitations
The second body paragraph explains unequal costs, weak supervision and superficial compliance.
Practical compromise
The third body paragraph proposes funded, flexible and additional placements.
Direct conclusion
The final judgement answers the question without treating encouragement and compulsion as identical.
Section 7
Advanced grammar transformations · 18
Transform the sentence before revealing the model. The objective is controlled range, not decorative complexity.
1. Transformation
Rewrite with negative inversion: Participation rarely becomes equal without practical support.
2. Transformation
Use conditional inversion.
3. Transformation
Rewrite as a cleft sentence.
4. Transformation
Use “only when” with inversion.
5. Transformation
Nominalise.
6. Transformation
Use a concessive clause beginning “Although”.
7. Transformation
Use a participle clause.
8. Transformation
Use “not only … but also”.
9. Transformation
Use a third conditional.
10. Transformation
Use a passive reporting structure.
11. Transformation
Rewrite with “the extent to which”.
12. Transformation
Use a reduced relative clause.
13. Transformation
Use “far from”.
14. Transformation
Use “rather than”.
15. Transformation
Use a mixed conditional.
16. Transformation
Use an appositive phrase.
17. Transformation
Use “whether … depends on”.
18. Transformation
Use emphatic “do”.
Section 8
Native Academic Toolbox · 15 upgrades
Replace broad conversational wording with precise academic phrasing that remains reusable in IELTS discussion.
1. Upgrade
Direct: People help their community.
Academic: Residents contribute unpaid time and knowledge to locally defined needs.
2. Upgrade
Direct: Some people cannot volunteer.
Academic: Material and temporal constraints create unequal access to civic participation.
3. Upgrade
Direct: Volunteering builds trust.
Academic: Repeated cooperative activity may function as a trust-building mechanism.
4. Upgrade
Direct: The same people always participate.
Academic: Civic involvement is concentrated among a relatively narrow and resource-rich group.
5. Upgrade
Direct: Small groups need money.
Academic: Grassroots organisations require proportionate, stable support to sustain organisational capacity.
6. Upgrade
Direct: Volunteers become tired.
Academic: Excessive demands and weak support increase the risk of volunteer burnout.
7. Upgrade
Direct: The project brought people together.
Academic: The initiative generated meaningful cross-group contact and stronger bridging capital.
8. Upgrade
Direct: The organisation used volunteers as workers.
Academic: Unpaid participation appears to have substituted for core professional employment.
9. Upgrade
Direct: People should influence decisions.
Academic: Participants should possess substantive rather than merely consultative authority.
10. Upgrade
Direct: Online volunteering is easier.
Academic: Digital participation reduces geographical and scheduling barriers to entry.
11. Upgrade
Direct: The event had many participants.
Academic: The initiative achieved a high participation rate, although its longer-term impact remains uncertain.
12. Upgrade
Direct: The group knows the neighbourhood.
Academic: The organisation possesses locally embedded knowledge and strong place attachment.
13. Upgrade
Direct: Young people learn responsibility.
Academic: Structured service can develop civic skills and a durable civic identity.
14. Upgrade
Direct: Trust takes time.
Academic: Generalised trust is more likely to emerge through repeated, reliable cooperation.
15. Upgrade
Direct: The government should support volunteers.
Academic: Public policy should fund civic infrastructure without capturing independent civic agendas.
Section 9
IELTS Speaking · 15 Part 1 + 15 Part 3
Use the models after planning. Every answer is question-specific and includes relevant chapter language.
Have you ever volunteered?
informal volunteeringhelp out
What kind of volunteering interests you?
skills-based volunteeringmatch skills to tasks
Are volunteer groups common where you live?
civic infrastructurejoin local groups
Would you volunteer online?
digital volunteeringmicro-volunteering
Do schools encourage volunteering?
service learningdevelop civic skills
Is it easy to ask neighbours for help?
reciprocity normbuild neighbourhood ties
Would you join a community clean-up?
episodic volunteeringbring together
Do you donate money or time more often?
organisational capacitychip in
Should volunteers receive certificates?
recognise unpaid contributionsvolunteer retention
Do you know your neighbours well?
place attachmentcollective efficacy
Would you volunteer with friends?
cross-group contactteam up with
What stops people from volunteering?
remove participation barriersoffer flexible roles
Are local events important?
associational lifecivic identity
Would you prefer a regular or one-off role?
episodic volunteeringrole clarity
Should companies support employee volunteering?
employee volunteeringskills-based volunteering
Why do people volunteer?
give back torespond to community needscivic identity
Does volunteering build social trust?
trust-building mechanismcross-group contactselection effect
Should governments fund volunteer organisations?
support grassroots organisationsfund civic spacesinstitutional independence
Can volunteers replace paid workers?
additionality principlevolunteer substitutionrole clarity
How can organisations retain volunteers?
match skills to tasksprevent volunteer burnoutvolunteer retention
Why do some social groups volunteer less?
participatory inequalityinclusive recruitmentremove participation barriers
Is compulsory community service effective?
service learningadditionality principledevelop civic skills
How does volunteering affect young people?
civic identitydevelop civic skillsshare decision-making power
What is the role of mutual aid during crises?
mutual aidcommunity resiliencelinking capital
Can digital participation create real community?
digital volunteeringnetwork diversityplace attachment
Why are civic spaces important?
civic infrastructurefund civic spacesassociational life
Do citizen assemblies improve democracy?
citizen assemblydeliberative qualityfollow through on
How should volunteer impact be measured?
community-level outcomemeasure community impactvolunteer substitution
What creates strong civic identity?
civic identitycollective efficacygeneralised trust
What would a high-trust community look like?
generalised trustbridging capitalinstitutional trust
Section 10
Five additional IELTS Writing Task 2 topics
Before writing: check that each body paragraph has a clear topic sentence, explanation, development and a relevant consequence or example.
Essay 1
Governments should pay people for all forms of volunteering. To what extent do you agree?
formal volunteeringreimburse volunteer expensesrecognise unpaid contributionsvolunteer substitutionadditionality principleparticipation gapvolunteer retentionorganisational capacitymutual aid
Essay 2
Local governments should give funding only to large professional charities rather than small community groups. Discuss both views.
grassroots organisationsorganisational capacityinstitutional embeddednessplace attachmentcommunity resiliencelinking capitalfund civic spacesparticipatory governancecommunity-level outcome
Essay 3
Schools should include compulsory service learning in the curriculum. To what extent do you agree?
service learningdevelop civic skillscross-group contactrole claritysafeguarding practiceparticipation gapreflective practiceadditionality principlecivic identity
Essay 4
Digital volunteering can replace traditional face-to-face volunteering. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
digital volunteeringmicro-volunteeringnetwork diversitysocial capitalplace attachmentoffer flexible rolesparticipation ratecross-group contactcommunity resilience
Essay 5
Citizen assemblies should have the power to make binding decisions. Discuss both views.
citizen assemblydeliberative forumdeliberative qualityrepresentation deficitparticipatory governancedemocratic accountabilityshare decision-making powerinstitutional trustfollow through on